• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.212-221
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• 1999

Tongue examination is the most unique and important diagnostic method of oriental medicine. It reveals patients condition and give some information about direction of therapy and background of disease as well as produces clue of duration of disease changing that grasps it from outside. The aims of this study show that results of tongue examination is related to somewhat special pattern. we study 27 patients(age of means: 63.01 years old, male: 14, female: 13) who come to Wonkwang University Oriental-Medicine Hospital at Chonju with diabetes mellitus or diabetes mellitus complications. Tongue colors of this study result in pale-red 8 cases, pale 6 cases, red 6 cases, crimson 5 cases, blue-green-purple 2 cases and tongue fur of this study result in white-fur 16 cases, yellow-fur 7 cases, black-fur 1 case, none-fur 3 cases. And the condition of tongue fur with grimy and thin result in thin-white-fur 12 cases, white-grimy-fur 4 cases, thin-yellow-fur 5 cases, grimy-yellow-fur 2 cases, black-fur 1 case. Means level of fasting glucose during 7 days was $223.24{\pm}32.l7mg/dl$ and postprandial 2hours was $286.37{\pm}24.54mg/dl$ There were no changes in tongue body and tongue color but changes occur in tongue fur with 9cases in this period. 5 cases of patient make a difference between FBS(fasting blood glucose) and postprandial blood glucose level more than l00mg/dl (2 cases of patient with thin-white-fur gradually turned to slight-yellow-fur. There were no changes in 2 cases of patient with crimson-none-fur and pale-white-fur. 1 case of patient with slimy-yellow-fur turned to black fur.) 11 cases of patient had lesser than $10\%$ hemoglobin $A_lC$ and tongue color of these patient were pale-red 5cases, pale 2 cases, red 2 cases, crimson 2 cases. 16 cases of patient had more than $10\%$ Hemoglobin $A_1C$ and tongue color of these patients were pale-red 3 cases, pale 4 cases, red 4 cases, crimson 3 cases, blue 2 cases. This result shows that quantity of Hemoglobin $A_1C$ make a somewhat role in tongue color. The above results show that tongue color, fur color, condition and change of fur in diabetes mellitus patients is various in pale-red, pale, crimson, none-fur. So it is difficult to give an exact diagnosis on pathology of diabetes mellitus only with tongue examination because there are a little matches between blood glucose level, prevalence-period, short-term blood glucose regulation and tongue and fur colors.

• The Journal of the Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2008

Objectives : We questioned whether the tongue diagnosis is effective for judging seriousness of cerebrovascular accidents. This study is about the relationship between tongue diagnosis and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS) in acute stroke patients. Methods : 738 subjects were recruited from the patients admitted to the department of internal medicine at Kyung-Hee University oriental medical center, Kyung-Hee University East-West Neo Medical Center, Kyungwon university Incheon oriental medical center, Kyungwon university Songpa oriental medical center and DongGuk university Ilsan oriental medical center from April 2007 to August 2008. We looked at the tongue as in three dimensions of tongue color, tongue fur color and tongue body. And, we calculated NIHSS means according to the subtypes of three dimensions. Results : 1. In the Tongue color, from the most commom to least common colors were pale red, red, pale, bluish purple, and ect. The NIHSS mean score of red is significantly higher than pale and pale red. 2. In the Tongue fur color, white fur was the most common, and then yellow fur, etc. There is no significant difference among three subtypes in the NIHSS mean score. 3. In the Tongue body, etc. is the most common, followed by teeth-marked tongue, enlarged tongue, blood patchy tongue, and mirror tongue. The NIHSS mean score of teeth-marked tongue is significantly lower than blood patchy tongue and mirror tongue. Conclusions : The tongue color and the tongue body are useful indexes for judging seriousness of cerebrovascular accidents presented by NIHSS. But in our study, the tongue fur color was not useful. Further study is necessary on the tongue fur.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.421-426
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• 2006

Objective To learn if there were different characteristics of tongue demonstration between diseases caused by exogenous pathogenic factor and disorder of internal organs. Methods Choosing 3059 cases from 51 medical records of Qing Dynasty, in which 1397 cases were diagnosed as diseases caused by exogenous pathogenic factor and 1110 were disorder of internal organs. Contrasting the constituent ratio of tongue demonstration using chi-square test. Results There were significant deviation between diseases caused by exogenous pathogenic factor and disorder of internal organs in color of tongue, color of fur and quality of fur (p<0.01). Conclusions the characteristics of tongue demonstration in diseases caused by exogenous pathogenic factor were high frequency of bright red tongue, yellow fur, blank fur and dry fur; and which in disorder of internal organs were high frequency of white tongue, thin fur, greasy fur and exfoliative fur.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.806-812
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• 2009

Objective : The aim of this study was to provide basic background information on stroke by evaluation various etiological factors on the basis that the Tongue fur color of acute stroke patients. Method : We studied patients hospitalized within 4 weeks after their ictus who were admitted at Kyunghee University Oriental Medical Center, Dongguk University Oriental Medical Center, Kyungwon University Songpa Oriental Medical Center, and Kyungwon University Incheon Oriental Medical Center from April 2008 to August 2009. We compared the general characteristics of acute stroke patients according to tongue fur color. Result : Tongue fur color showed significant difference for past history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, stroke, HDL-chol, BUN, Hg, and pulse pattern. Conclusion : The above results show that the overall tendency of acute stage cerebral infarction patients varies according to their tongue fur color. Further studies will be needed to better understand the difference between yellow fur group and white fur among acute stroke patients.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.427-431
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• 2006

From 51 monographs of case record in Qing Dynasty, we chose 29 monographs in which tongue diagnosis applied to Warm disease. Then extracted all the case records and got 488 cases from them. In according to the classification of tongue diagnosis in teaching material of TCM diagnosis of higher TCM schools education, we had a statistic analysis on the 488 cases. Results show that the recording rate of tongue coating was highest, 65.16%. From high to low sequentially, the frequency of different fur was yellow fur, white fur and black fur. During $1850{\sim}1911$ of Qing Dynasty, the description of tongue coating changed that the proportion of white fur, yellow fur and compound fur was increased. On the contrary, the proportion of black fur was decreased. The recording rate of the color of tongue was 23.16%, in which the rate of red tongue and crimson tongue were higher. The recording rate of fur character was 37.7%. During $1850{\sim}1911$ of Qing Dynasty, the recording rate of greasy fur was increased to the first. The application of tongue diagnosis involves the warm-heat species of Warm Disease, damp-heat species of Warm Disease and pestilence.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.320-326
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• 2016

Tongue diagnosis is convenient and non-invasive method to examine the body's functional condition, and it has been frequently used in traditional Korean Medicine (KM). The aim of this study was to investigate the difference of the tongue color assessed by computerized tongue image analysis system (CTIS) between the common cold (CC) patients and healthy subjects. A total of 85 participants, including 45 CC patients without organic diseases and 40 healthy subjects, were asked to complete the CC symptom questionnaire. A tongue image was acquired by using CTIS. Color differences in Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) L*, a* and b* between the CC patient group and the control group were analyzes by using paired t-test analysis. The variable CIE b* of the tongue body was significantly lower in CC than that in controls (P=0.019). The variable CIE L* of the tongue coating was significantly higher in CC than that in controls (P=0.032). In CC, the color of the tongue body seems to be changed to intense red color. The color of the tongue coating seems to be changed to thick fur. The present study demonstrated that the CTIS can be used as a diagnostic and monitoring tool for the objective and standardized evaluation of common cold in clinics.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.149-157
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• 2013

Objectives This study was designed to: (1) investigate the clinical feature of tongue diagnosis, (2) make an observation of significant changes in tongue diagnosis according to the patient's physical condition and laboratory result and (3) identify clinical efficacy of tongue diagnosis. Methods 300 patients' tongue diagnosis results were analyzed and the patients were divided to each group according to the physical condition and laboratory result. Then, chi-square test was performed to assess statistical significance between tongue diagnosis results of each group. Results As a result of analyzing the spread of tongue diagnosis according to the patient's physical condition and laboratory result, 18 groups had statistical significance related to specific tongue color and tongue coating. Conclusions Even if there would be possible misinterpretations in one-to-one match between the tongue diagnosis and certain diseases, we identified that tongue diagnosis results were changed somewhat related to patient's physical condition with some tendency and tongue diagnosis could be used for meaningful clinical diagnostic tool.

• Journal of Korean Traditional Oncology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2022

Objective: The purpose of this review is to analyze the clinical studies on tongue diagnosis in cancer patients. Methods: Domestic and foreign databases were used, such as Pubmed, google scholar, Wanfang med online, Scopus, and OASIS. Searching keywords were tongue diagnosis, tongue color, tongue fur, tongue inspection, cancer, tumor, neoplasm, carcinoma, etc. Studies on tongue diagnosis in cancer patients were included. The published year was limited from 2000 to June 2022. Results: Thirteen studies were enrolled. All selected studies were cross-sectional studies. Cancer patients tend to have a dark and blue-purple tongue, thick fur, yellow fur, fissure tongue, and red dots on the tongue compared with non-cancer patients. With the aggravation of cancer, the rate of patients having dark or blue, or purple tongues increased, and the patients' sublingual veins became wide and tortuous. Conclusion: This study suggests that cancer patients tend to have distinct features of tongue diagnosis. Further researches are warranted.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2001

A clinical observation by the tongue change as a diagnostic method was made on 36 week children visited to Dongeui Oriental Medical Hospital from August. 2001 to December 2001 and the observed results were summarized as follows. 1. Their symptoms have been observed with sequences of Resparatory diseases, Digestive, Neuromotor, Psycho-neurological, Urogenital diseases 2. Distribution of sex : male 22 cases, female 14 cases 3. Distribution of age : 0-6 years 24 cases, 7-18 years 12 cases 4. The texture of tongue was resulted in tongue color in pink-28 cases, red-8 case, and shape in thin-18 cases, swelling-6 cases, a fissured patten-5 cases, a prickly patten-4 cases, and a map patten-3 cases, and fur of the tongue in thin-26 cases, moisten-8 cases, deep-2 cases, and coating color of the tongue in thin and whitish-15 cases, thin and yellowish-9 cases, lack-8 cases, deep and whitish-4 cases. 5. The texture of tongue in connection with weak children was come out mostly normal state and the rest red color, a fissured patten, a prickly patten, deep coating, thin and yellowish etc appeared to cause of slight damage due to exogenous pathogenic fators and due to internal injury.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.262-266
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• 2008

We plan to make the standardization of the pattern identifications for stroke and differentiate them by tongue diagnosis. We make a case report form which has questionnaires for tongue diagnosis in stroke patients. And we collected cases from the multi center network which consists of twelve university hospitals and one local hospital. The cases confirmed by diagnosis of medical specialists and residents are 321 cases. They are divided into Qi Defficiency 30.84%, Dampness& Phlegm 25.55%, Fire & Heat 22.43%, Eum Defficiency 18.69% and Blood Stasis 2.49%. We analyzed the markers which classified into the color of tongue body, the color of fur, the quality of fur, the dryness of tongue, the shape of tongue. To make a stroke pattern identification standard, we must try variable ways.