• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.69-77
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to identify the analysis of men's wear color preference between Korean and Chinese college women. The experimental materials developed for this study were a set of stimulus and response scales. The 24 color pictures and 5-point scales were used for evaluation of preference. Data were obtained from 120 Korean college women living in Kyeongnam, Korea and 120 Chinese college women living in Shandog, China on October and November 2010. For data analysis, ANOVA and Duncan-test were used by using SPSS program. Results of this study were as follows. Korean and Chinese college women, shirts hue, tie hue, and shirts/tie tone showed an independent effect on men's wear color preference. Interaction effects of Korean and Chinese college women and shirts hue, Korean and Chinese college women and tie hue, suit hue and shirts hue, shirts hue and shirts/tie tone, and tie hue and shirts/tie tone were found. These results suggested that men's wear color preference can be affected by Korean and Chinese college women, suit hue, shirts hue, tie hue, and shirts/tie tone.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.301-308
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• 2010

The sensibility effects of color combinations was studied utilizing tone on tone combination and tone in tone combination. A total of 24 color combinations were rated by 10 college students using Semantic Differential Method. The data was analyzed by using Excel statistics program 2004. Analysis method was factor analysis. Theresults of this study were as follow. Color combinations utilizing tone on tone and color combinations utilizing tone in tone was evaluated a very different impression. Thus these were found to have an influence on sensibility effects of color combinations. In comparison with appearance of color combination using colored paper and that of product to apply to color combination using colored paper, it was showed to be evaluated mostly similar impression. However By characteristic with product, shape, size and texture, appearance of color combination is likely to be evaluated very difference impression. The results of these studies will serve as a basis of color combination image or color design.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.266-279
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• 2010

This research investigates the influence of color as an important factor of the visual image created by clothes. First, the factor analysis of the adjectives describing the images of clothes shows that the images of clothes are classified into 4 factors that include attraction, brightness, femininity, and the figure type (of which the attraction factor and brightness factor were found to be important dimensions). Second, as for the images of feminine style clothes colors, violet appears more refined and attractive than other colors in all 3 tones. Red appears as a brilliant and glowing image in a vivid tone. Yellow in a vivid tone and pale tone, and red in deep tone appear as a warm image, while blue appears as a cold image in all 3 tones. Blue and violet appear as a tall and slim image in all 3 tones. As for the images of mannish style clothes colors, yellow in vivid tone, violet in pale tone and red in deep tone appear as the most refined and attractive image, while green in all the tones appears as a rustic and unattractive image. Red in vivid tone, yellow in pale tone and violet in deep tone appear as a very brilliant and glowing image. Red in pale tone and deep tone appear as a warm and feminine image. Third, yellow in all the tones is evaluated to be attractive in the mannish style in the comparison of the image of feminine and mannish style clothes color, while blue in a pale tone in feminine style and in deep tone in mannish style earned high points. Red and violet did not show any significant differences between the two styles.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.399-410
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate emotional images and preference of knitwear by tone on tone combination. The subjects were 357 university students in Daejeon and Chungnam province, and the measuring instruments were 6 stimuli manipulated by color and tone combination type of background and pattern in the tone and tone combination, and self-administrated questionnaires consisted of emotional images items, preference items, and subjects' demographics attributions. The data were analyzed by Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, factor analysis, t-test, MANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test, using SPSS program. The results were as follows. First, four factors (attractiveness, conspicuity, mildness, and activity) are emerged on emotional images of knitwear. Second, color had main effects on emotional images and preference. Gray color was perceived as most attractive image and more preferred than others. Third, tone combination type had some effects on emotional images. Vivid tone background/light tone pattern was perceived more attractive image but less conspicuous and mild than light tone background/vivid tone pattern. Forth, subjects' gender had an effects on conspicuous image. Male was perceived more conspicuous image on knitwear stimuli than female. Fifth, color and subjects' gender had interaction effects on attractiveness image and preference. Male perceived that blue is more attractive and preferred than female.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.27-47
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• 2003

This research is to build the foundation of systematic application of color in cosmetology by analyzing color attributes in women's makeup presentation. The result were as follows. 1. The most popular color series in make up were R then RP and YR. The most popular color tone is 'd' and 'lt'. 2. Colors in make up according to age was as follows. For eye shadow, people aged 18 to 24 used 'lt' tone of the R color series; people aged 25 to 34 used 'lt', 's', 'sf tone of the R color series, 'lt' tone of the PB color series, 'lt' tone of the YR color series; people over 35 'g' tone of the YR color series, 'sf' tone of the P color series. For lipstick, people aged 18 to 24 used 'd' tone of the R color series; people aged 25 to 34 used 'd', 'sf' tone of the R color series; people over 35 used 'd' tone of the R color series. For lip-gloss, people aged 18 to 24 used 'v', 'lt', 'b', 's' tone of the R color series; people aged 25 to 34 used 's' 'd' 'dp' 'sf' tone of the R color series; people over 35 used 'b' tone of the R color series. 3. Make up colors according to marital status was as follows. For eye shadow, while married interviewees used 's', 'dk' tone of the R color series, single interviewees used 'lt', 'sf' tone of the R color series. For lipstick, while married interviewees used 'd', 'g' tone of the R color series, single interviewees preferred to use madder 'd', 'sf' tone of the R color series. For lip-gross, while married interviewees used 'd' tone of the R color series, single interviewees used 'b' tone of the R color series the most.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.56-59
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• 2007

The screech tone of an underexpanded jet is numerically calculated without any specific modeling for the screech tone itself. A fourth-order optimized compact scheme and fourth-order Runge-Kutta method are used to solve the 2D axisymmetric Euler equation. The Fourier transform of pressure signal at upstream shows the directivity pattern of the screech tone very clearly. Pressure signal is shown to observe the generation of the screech tone. Most importantly, we can simulate the axisymmetric mode change of the screech tone very precisely with the proposed method. It can be concluded that the basic phenomenon of the screech tone including its frequency can be calculated and its mode change can be simulated with inviscid Euler equations.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.299-305
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• 2009

Purpose: Multiple studies have documented that high resting levels of cardiac vagal tone suggest higher levels of self-regulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiac vagal tone as an indicator of autonomic nervous function in healthy newborn and premature infants. Methods: This study was conducted using a descriptive comparison design and a convenience sampling strategy. The participants were 72 healthy and 62 premature infants delivered in a university hospital. Continuous heart rate data recordings from the infant's ECG were analyzed and Mxedit software was used to calculate mean heart period and an index of cardiac vagal tone. Results: The healthy infants had significantly higher cardiac vagal tone than the premature infants, when the influence of gestational age was removed using analysis of covariance. However, there were no significant differences in heart rate and heart period between the two groups when the influence of gestational age was removed using analysis of covariance. Conclusion: The results of this study show that cardiac vagal tone may be used as an index for determining infant's autonomic nervous function. Nursing staff in pediatric departments can use cardiac vagal tone with ease, as this index can be calculated in a noninvasive method from the ECG.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.14-35
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• 2021

This study compares and analyzes the designs of Burberry creative directors, Christopher Bailey and Riccardo Tisci. For this purpose, 322 photographs (176 Christopher Bailey and 146 Riccardo Tisci) were collected and the data analysis criteria were classified into color, shape, material, decoration, item, and fashion style. With respect to the data analysis method, statistical analysis and content analysis were combined. First, the design characteristics of Christopher Bailey top and bottom combined bright tone, tone-in-tone color scheme, H-line, heterogeneous material combination, and smart casual appeared very frequently. Second, the design characteristics of Riccardo Tisci top and bottom combined were monotone, tone-on-tone color scheme, H-line, heterogeneous material combinations, and street culture. Third, the design differences between creative directors were significantly different in color, tone, color arrangement, pattern, material type, material combination, detail, top and bottom items, and fashion style. Burberry men's wear maintains Burberry's traditional design identity with achromatic colors, beige-based colors, and beige checks. Christopher Bailey's design direction is characterized by modernity in a casual mood that emphasizes practicality. The design direction of Riccardo Tisci is characterized by a wide gap between images in a semi-formal style that emphasizes Burberry's tradition and a free-spirited casual style.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.867-876
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• 2011

This study investigates the image of casual shirts according to color combination, tone, and interval of checked pattern in tone-in-tone coloration. The experimental materials developed for this study were a set of stimulus and response scales. The stimuli were 24 color pictures, in which color combination (RY: Red+Yellow, BP: Blue+Purple), tone (light, dull, dark), and interval (0.5cm, 1.5cm, 3.5cm, and 5.5cm) were manipulated. The 7-point scale was used for evaluation of image. Data were obtained from 240 female college students living in Seoul, Gwangju, Jinju, and Changwon in April 2010. For data analysis, ANOVA and Duncan-test were used by using SPSS program. The results of this study are as follows. Image according to color combination, tone, and interval of checked pattern consisted of five dimensions of attractiveness, youth- activity, appeal, modesty, and freshness. The cover combination showed an independent effect on freshness. Tone showed an independent effect on attractiveness, youth-activity, appeal, and modesty. Interval showed an independent effect on appeal, modesty, and freshness. Interaction effects of color combination and tone on youth-activity and appeal were found. In addition, interaction effects of tone and interval on attractiveness, youth-activity, and freshness were also found.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.207-207
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• 1996

The neutral tone is one of the most important distinguishing features in Beijing Mandarin, but there are two completely different views on its linguistic function: a special tone(Xu, 1980) versus weak stress(Chao, 1968). In this paper, the acoustic manifestation of the neutral tone will be explored to show that it is closely related to weak stress. 122 disyllabic words in which the second syllable carries the neutral tone, including 22 stress pairs, were uttered by a native male speaker of Beijing dialect and analysed by Kay Digital Sonagraph 5500-1. The results of the acoustic analysis are presented as follows: 1) The first two formants of the medial and the syllabic vowel moves towards that of central vowel with a greater magnitude in the syllable with the neutral tone than in the syllable with any of the four normal tones. Also the vowel ending, and nasal coda /n/ and / / in the syllable with the neutral tone tends to be deleted. 2) In the syllables with the neutral tone, there are strong carryover coarticulations between the medial and syllabic vowel and the preceding unvoiced consonant. In general, the vowel is affected to move towards the position of the central vowel with more greater magnitude by coronal consonant than by labial or velar consonant. 3) In the syllable with the neutral tone, when and only when it precedes a syllable with tone-4, the high vowel following [f], [ts'], [s], [ts'], [s], [tc'] or [c] tends to be voiceless. 4) It can be seen from the acoustical results of 22 stress pairs that the duration of the syllable with the neutral tone is on the average reduced to 55% of that of the syllable with the four normal tones, and the duration of the final in the syllable with neutral tone is on the average reduced to 45% of that of the final in the syllable with the four normal tones(Lin & Yan 1980). 5) The FO contour of the neutral tone is highly dependent on the preceding normal tone(Lin & Yan 1993). For a number of languages it has been found that the vowel space is reduced as the level of stress placed upon the vowel is reduced(Nord 1986). Therefore we reach the conclusion that the syllable with neutral tone is related to weak stress(Lin & Yan 1990). The neutral tone is not a special tone because the preceding normal tone.