• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.15 no.1 s.61
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• pp.38-40
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• 2000

자동 요금 징수 시스템인 ETC(Electronic Toll Collection) 시스템에서 차량의 탑재장치와 비컨(Beacon) 간에 마이크로파가 전파되는 경로를 모델화하였으며 다중 경로에 따른 페이딩 효과를 분석하였다. 또한 환경 변화 즉 강우 시 마이크로파 전파도 고려하여 수치분석을 하였다. 분석결과 강우에 의한 반사면의 반사계수가 변하여 페이딩 효과가 크게 증가하였다. 이런 수치해석 결과를 탑재장치에서 수신된 전압의 크기와 비컨과 차량 사이의 거리로 도시하였다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.7-17
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• 1999

The expressway network includes a total of about 1,899 km in our country The only 1,016 km of that is being managed by the closed Toll Collection System(TCS) which is composed of 74 tollgates. We obtain inter-tollgate O-D matrices from that system everyday. But, they are not traffic-zonal O-D matrices. So they have not been used for the expressway traffic analysis and the traffic demand estimation despite of their accuracy. If we could estimate the traffic-zonal O-D matrices from TCS O-D ones, we could perform expressway traffic analysis more efficiently. Moreover we could obtain more precise expressway O-D matrices and traffic-zonal O/D ones by this approach than by the conventional ones. In this paper. we proposed the model estimating traffic-zonal O/D matrices from TCS O-D ones. The assigned volumes with the estimated traffic-zonal O-D matrices produced the only 17.9% error all over the TCS expressway section when compared to the real traffic volumes. So, the proposed model enables for us to estimate more accurate O/D matrics than any other existing methods.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.151-162
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• 2002

The object of this study is to develop an operating time prediction model for expressways using toll collection data. A Prediction model based on modular neural network model was developed and tested using real data. Two toll collection system(TCS) data set. Seoul-Suwon section for short range and Seoul-Daejeon section for long range, in Kyongbu expressway line were collected and analyzed. A time series analysis on TCS data indicated that operating times on both ranges are in reasonable prediction ranges. It was also found that prediction for the long section was more complex than that for the short section. However, a long term prediction for the short section turned out to be more difficult than that for the long section because of the higher sensitivity to initial condition. An application of the suggested model produced accurate prediction time. The features of suggested prediction model are in the requirement of minimum (3) input layers and in the ability of stable operating time prediction.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.6D
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• pp.569-575
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• 2010

The occupancy based O/D is essential for measuring efficiency of various transportation policies like HOV/HOT lane, ramp metering, and public parking station. There has been many studies on occupancy survey methodology and O/D estimation using TCS (Toll Collection System) data separately. The occupancy O/D estimation methodology using TCS data has not been attempted thus far. An overall process from data collection stage to the occupancy O/D estimation stage has been suggested. Field survey was performed at the northbound Seoul toll station of Gyeongbu Expressway by each 2 hours of AM peak, PM non-peak, PM peak, midnight periods on a day. The process of matching the TCS data and field survey data classified by tollbooth ID, car type/mode, and arrival time was also performed. One typical output of the results showed that the ratio of single occupancy vehicles bounding for Seoul during the AM peak amounted to 60%. With the key output of this study and the specific O/D estimation methodology suggested, the whole centroid-to-centroid occupancy O/D of the country could be available, and then various applications in which the occupancy information is required could be possible.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.43 no.9 s.351
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• pp.99-104
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• 2006

In this paper, the conventional 2 dimensional metamaterial structure has degeneration of shielding characteristic in cross polarization effect. The proposed 3-D resonator is designed for reduction of cross polarization effect. The proposed 3-D resonator using LTCC consists of 2-D parallel resonators on X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis. The 2-D parallel resonator consists of two plate and one via. When the co-polarization electric filed is excited, the resonance frequency of 3-D resonator is 5.024GHz. The stop bandwidth is 19MHz. When the cross-polarization electric field is excited, the resonance frequency of 3-D resonator is 4.825GHz. The stop bandwidth is 19MHz. The proposed 3-D resonator achieve reduction of cross-polarization effect. The concrete consists of proposed 3-D resonator and absorbtion materials. The concrete will be applied for reduction or interference signal of ETCS(Electric Toll collection system).

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.6 no.1 s.10
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• pp.40-46
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• 2002

In this paper, a microstrip array antenna is designed, fabricated and measured for ETCS(Electronic Toll Collection System). To reduce effect of external propagation environment, we use edge-cuffed element and to obtain wider axial ratio and increased bandwidth, we use the sequential rotation array method. Also to fulfill ETCS, roadside equipment are designed to be provide a radiation pattern which can accurately pinpoint the designated communication area without interference of another lanes. And we make and apply an absorber to the array antenna to reduce SLL(Side Lobe Level). From the measurement, we get that return-loss at center frequency is -20.675dB, axial ratio is 0.35dB and the gain is 20.26dBi. And we found that SLL is reduced.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.101-105
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• 1999

Electronic Toll Collection(ETC) System makes the telecommunication possible between the Beacon and the On Board Unit(OBU) in vehicle at the highway. In this paper, the propagation path of microwave is modelled and the induced voltage of receiving antenna is analyzed numerically according to multi-path fading effort. In this modelling, we consider the weather condition, polarization and antenna radiation pattern. Also, we suggest the diversity technique in order to re duce the fading effect. In the result, the lading effort is reduced significantly in case of the vertical polarization at the rain condition. The circular polarization is the most desirable in this application. The antenna which has the high directivity, is also desirable. Using the space diversity technique at the Beaten, the fading effect is reduced as the distance increases between the Beacon and OBU. These results are presented at the graphs whose axes are related to the magnitude of received voltage(dB) and the distance of the beacon and a vehicle.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.94-102
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• 2015

The high-pass(brand name of Electronic Toll Collection System) utilization trend on the highway continues to grow as 59.4% (by the end of 2013). In this study, we applied the carbon balance method using a fuel chassis dynamometer with the four passenger car classes in order to measure the fuel consumption of the car using the expressway tollgate. We experimented 18 driving mode at general tollgate and high-pass tollgate. As a result, in case of entry/exit toll there were 21.0~56.4ml/veh fuel consumption savings, in case of open toll fuel consumption savings was analyzed as 10.5~28.1ml/veh. In addition, the annual fuel cost savings by virtue of high-pass was 28.2~57.3 billion won at 70% utilization rate, 32.2~65.5 billion won at 80%, 36.2~73.7 billion won at 90% and 40.3~81.9 billion won at 100%.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.52-65
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• 2016

The electronic toll collection system(ETCS), is globally used in about 40 countries. In Korea, the Korea Expressway Corporation led the nationwide introduction of the ETC system in 2007 under the brand name of the Hi-pass. Since then, Hi-pass, with its rate of average daily use reaching about 70%, has become an essential facility in Korean expressways. To identify users' perception on Hi-pass (satisfaction, preference, etc.), this study conducted a Modified Importance-Performance Analysis (M-IPA). With this, this study attempted to identify the kind of efforts necessary to enhance current Hi-pass users' convenience and satisfaction. According to the result of M-IPA, the items including "non-stop payment" and "toll discount" are identified as key items that require further improvement. For improvement in the "non-stop payment" item, operations of Hi-pass toll booths appropriate for the demand for Hi-pass use and the selection of Hi-pass booths' locations in consideration of entry and exit lanes need to be improved. In addition, with regard to the "toll discount" item, although toll discount is currently provided to Hi-pass users, thus, PR thereof will have to be strengthened. It is expected that this study will be used as basic data to devise methods of enhancing Hi-pass usage through improvement of Hi-pass users' satisfaction.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.30-37
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• 2014

The Electronic Toll Collection System based on Free-Flow Multi-Lane is needed to solve some yearly problems such as traffic congestion, safety accident, maintenance by hold-up of one way hi-pass system. The hi-pass communication system is first-in, first-out method in one way environment so, it can't handle various running patterns such as vehicle platoon, switching lane and passing in multi-lane environment. In this thesis we compared and analyzed the communication system of foreign countries ETCS operating system and domestic hi-pass communication system, then studied communication system which can run in multiple-way accepting existing hi-pass OBU. And we formed the communication system of Free-Flow Multi-Lane environment as a plan using incoherent of IR antenna and coherent of RF antenna. The communication system in Free-Flow Multi-Lane environment can be used not alone in parking garages but in expressways of ETCS and toll roads from now on.