• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.147-157
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• 1993

The harpacticoid copepod, Tigriopus japonicus is one of the most important zooplankton as a live food for the production of marine fish fry. Thus, the salinity tolerance and the optimum culture environment of this copepod in terms of salinity, temperature and light were examined. The food values of 6 kinds of phytoplankters and 2 kinds of yeast were also investigated for mass culture of this copepod. The results are as follows: After 5 day culture in the experiment of salinity tolerance, the survival rates of the gravid female at $0\%\;and\;90%o\;were\;40\%\;and\;70\%$, respectively. However, at salinity ranging from $2\%o\;to\;80\%o$, high survival rates above $85\%$ were observed. It means T. japonicus is very euryhalinous species. Temperature was more important factor than salinity for the fecundity of T. japonicus. The optimum culture conditions of this species were $24^{\circ}C,\;24\%o$, and 3,000 lux with 24 L: 0D. Under these culture conditions, the average fecundity from a gravid female per spawning was 38 nauplii, and the interval time between spawnings were 2.05 days. Phaeodactylum tircornutum seemed to be the most suitable phytoplankton as a live food for T. japonicus, and the large chlorophyta, Tetraselmis suecica showed the lowest food value among 6 phytoplankters and 2 yeasts. The food value of w-yeast was better than that of baker's yeast, and it is similar to that of phytoplankton such as Amphora sp., Chlorella ellipsoidea and Nannochloris oculata. So, the w-yeast seems to be appropriate food source for mass culture of T. japonicus.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.23-26
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• 2009

During operations, neurosurgeons usually perform multiple temporary occlusions of parental artery, possibly resulting in the neuronal damage. It is generally thought that neuronal damage by cerebral ischemia is associated with extracellular concentrations of the excitatory amino acids. In this study, we measured the dynamics of extracellular glutamate release in 11 vessel occlusion(VO) model to compare between single occlusion and repeated transient occlusions within short interval. Changes in cerebral blood flow were monitored by laser-Doppler flowmetry simultaneously with cortical glutamate level measured by amperometric biosensor. From real time monitoring of glutamate release in 11 VO model, the change of extracellular glutamate level in repeated transient occlusion group was smaller than that of single occlusion group, and the onset time of glutamate release in the second ischemic episode of repeated occlusion group was delayed compared to the first ischemic episode which was similar to that of single 10 min ischemic episode. These results suggested that repeated transient occlusion induces less glutamate release from neuronal cell than single occlusion, and the delayed onset time of glutamate release is attributed to endogeneous protective mechanism of ischemic tolerance.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.144-144
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• 2017

Micronutrients such as zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) have important roles for development and growth in plants but it also have roles in animals and humans. In previous studies, a Korean weedy rice, KH2J was selected to have tolerance to heavy metal, lead (Pb) compared with a cultivar, Milyang23. To identify QTLs for micronutrients concentration in grain, an F2 population (120 plants) were developed from a cross between KH2J and an indica rice cultivar, Milyang23. To measure the concentration of eight ions, Zn, Fe, Mn, Pb, calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As), grains were collected and digested with 65% nitric acid, and the ion contents were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. A total 27 putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected on 12 chromosomes by single point analysis and 22 putative QTLs were detected by composite interval mapping. The co-locations of QTL for Zn, Fe and Mn were observed on chromosome 5. The QTLs for Cd, Cu and Zn were co-localized on chromosome 10, and QTLs for Zn, As and Mn was on chromosome 12. The Zn concentration in F2 generation showed significant correlation with concentrations of As (r = -0.4), Cu (r = 0.5) and Fe (r = 0.2) (P < 0.01). Also, the Ca concentration was significantly related with Mn and Fe concentrations (P < 0.01). Fine mapping of these QTLs is underway to analyze their functional relationship.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.41-57
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• 2005

This study has been carried out to understand the effect of Danchisoyosangagambang (DC) on the hyperglycemic mice induced with streptozotocin(STZ). Experimental groups were made diabetic mice by intraperitoneal injection of STZ(60 mg/kg of body weight) tw ice by 24 h interval and then 120 mg/kg STZ was injected again 3 days after the earlier treatment. Control group was administered mice with 0.9 % saline(2 mL/kg), and experim ental groups were administered DC extract(DCA group, 10 mg/kg/day; DCB group, 30 mg/kg/day) after hyperglycemic induction for 6 weeks. The body weight of experimental groups was lower than control. The blood glucose concentration increased continuously, rea ching to 298.9 mg/dL after 6 weeks, however, experimental groups of the DCA and DCB groups significantly(p<0.0l) decreased in the 4, 5, and 6 weeks groups. Blood glucose tolerance test was not significant between control and experimental groups. We examined the blood transaminase activities to know the effect of herbal medicine on liver function. The GOT activities were lower in group DCB than in control. The GPT activities were lower in group DCA and DCB than in control. The content of triglyceride was significantly increased in group DCA compared to control. The SOD and catalase activities were higher in the group DCA compared to control. The results of immunohistochemical study, a few of insulin positive cells observed in the control and experimental group. These results suggest that administration of DC extract to the hyperglycemic mice decreased the blood glucose level.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.165-180
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• 2006

Objective : This study has been carried out to understand the effect of several herbal medicine concentrated solution on the hyperglycemic mice Induced with streptozotocin(STZ). Methods : The 60 mg/kg of STZ injection into mice twice by 24 h interval and then 120 mg/kg of STZ injection again 3 days after the earlier injection. Control group was subjected to natural recovery, however, treated groups were fed 0.2 ml of several herbal medicine-concentrated solution (PA (x2, several herbal medicine-concentrated solution 1 group); PB (x4 several herbal medicine-concentrated solution 2 group) daily for 6 weeks. Result : The weight of PA was higher than that of control, but weight of PB was lower than control. The blood level of control increased continuously, reaching to 350mg/dL after 6 weeks, however, PA and PB showed a fast reduction of blood glucose. In blood glucose tolerance test, PA and PB showed better resistance than control. The GOT level in significantly(p<0.05) decreased in PA and PB compared with control group. The BUN and creatinine levels are significantly(p<0.01) decreased in PA compared with control group. Feeding of several herbal medicine-concentrated solution in a concentration of PA had an efficient effect on regeneration or recovery of Langerhans islet and ${\beta}-cell$ damaged by STZ. More Langerhans islet and high insulin-immunohistochemical resistance were observed in PA compared with control, but they were higher in PB than in PA. The number of Langerhans islet ${\beta}-cell$ and Langerhans islet. Conclusions : The result from the six weeks of observation demonstrates that the several herbal medicine concentrated solution have a positive effect of lowering the level of blood sugar and they increased insulin concentration. They have an effect for recovery of pancreas tissue and recovery of kidney, liver function from a diabetes mellitus.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1462-1469
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• 2007

This study has been carried out to understand the effect of Gangsim-tang on the hyperglycemic mice induced with Streptozotocin(STZ). The 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin(STZ) was treated into mice twice by 24 hrs interval and then 120 mg/kg STZ was treated again 3 days after the earlier treated. Control group was administered mice with 0.9％ saline(2ml/kg), and experimental groups were administered Gangsim-tang extract(GA group, 10 ㎎/㎏/day; GB group, 30 mg/kg/day) after hyperglycemic induction daily for 6 weeks. The body weight of experimental groups was lower than control. The blood glucose concentration increased continuously, reaching to 298.9 mg/dl after 6 weeks, however, experimental groups of the GA and GB groups significantly(p<0.01) decreased in the 4, 5, and 6 weeks groups. Blood glucose tolerance test was not significant between control and experimental groups. We examined the blood transaminase activities to know the effect of herbal medicine on liver function. The glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) activity was lower in group GB than in control. The glutamic-pyruvic transaminse(GPT) activity was lower in group GA and GB than in control. The superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase activities were higher in the group GA compared to control. The results of immunohistochemical study, Langerhan's islet of pancreas was destructed by treatment of STZ in the control, and a few of insulin positive cells observed in the control and experimental group. These results suggest that administration of Gangsim-tang extract to the hyperglycemic mice induced with STZ not regeneration of ${\beta}-cells$ but control of the blood glucose level.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.147-160
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• 2006

GA-based fuzzy optimum design algorithm incorporated with the refined plastic hinge analysis method is presented in this study. In the refined plastic hinge analysis method, geometric nonlinearity is considered by using the stability functions of the beam-column members. Material nonlinearity is also considered by using the gradual stiffness degradation model, which considers the effects of residual stresses, moment redistribution through the occurence of plastic hinges, and the geometric imperfections of the members. In the genetic algorithm, the tournament selection method and the total weight of the steel frames. The requirements of load-carrying capacity, serviceability, ductility, and constructabil ity are used as the constraint conditions. In fuzzy optimization, for crisp objective function and fuzzy constraint s, the tolerance that is accepted is 5% of the constraints. Furthermore, a level-cut method is presented from 0 to 1 at a 0 .2 interval, with the use of the nonmembership function, to solve fuzzy-optimization problems. The values of conventional GA optimization and fuzzy GA optimization are compared in several examples of steel structures.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.249-254
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• 2021

Introduction: Workplace violence (WPV) is a major occupational and health hazard for nurses. It affects nurses' physical and psychological well-being and impacts health service delivery. We aimed to assess the prevalence and describe the consequences of WPV experienced by nurses working in an emergency department in Kenya. Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study among emergency nurses at one of the largest tertiary hospitals in Kenya. We collected data using a structured questionnaire adapted from the 'WPV in the Health Sector, Country Case Studies Research Instruments' questionnaire. We described the prevalence and effects of WPV using frequencies and percentages. Results: Of the 82 participating nurses, 64.6% were female, 57.3% were married and 65.8% were college-educated (65.8%). Participants' mean age was 33.8 years (standard deviation: 6.8 years, range: 23-55). The overall lifetime prevalence of WPV was 81.7% (n = 67, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 71.6%-88.8%) and the 1-year prevalence was 73.2% (n = 63, 95% CI: 66.3-84.8%). The main WPV included verbal abuse, physical violence, and sexual harassment. Most incidents were perpetrated by patients and their relatives. No action was taken in 50% of the incidents, but 57.1% of physical violence incidents were reported to the hospital security and 28.6% to supervisors. Perpetrators of physical violence were verbally warned (42.9%) and reported to the hospital security (28.6%). Conclusion: Workplace violence is a significant problem affecting emergency nurses in Kenya. Hospitals should promote workplace safety with zero-tolerance to violence. Nurses should be sensitised on WPV to mitigate violence and supported when they experience WPV.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.200-205
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• 2023

Objective: Polycystic ovary (PCO), a diagnostic component of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), requires either an ovarian volume (OV) criterion or a follicle number per ovary (FNPO) criterion. This study investigated the association of OV and FNPO criteria with various manifestations of PCOS. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a university hospital among 100 patients newly diagnosed with PCOS (according to the revised Rotterdam criteria). Fasting blood samples were collected to measure glucose, total testosterone (TT), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), lipid, insulin, and hemoglobin A1c levels. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Transabdominal or transvaginal ultrasound of the ovaries was done, depending on patients' marital status. All investigations were conducted in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. OV >10 mL and/or FNPO ≥12 indicated PCO. A homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (IR) value ≥2.6 indicated IR, and metabolic syndrome (MS) was defined according to the international harmonization criteria. Results: Seventy-six participants fulfilled the OV criterion, 70 fulfilled the FNPO criterion, and 89 overall had PCO. Both maximum OV and mean OV had a significant correlation with TT levels (r=0.239, p=0.017 and r=0.280, p=0.005, respectively) and the LH/FSH ratio (r=0.212, p=0.034 and r=0.200, p=0.047, respectively). Mean OV also had a significant correlation with fasting insulin levels (r=0.210, p=0.036). Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis showed that IR (odds ratio [OR], 9.429; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.701 to 52.271; p=0.010) and MS (OR, 7.952; 95% CI, 1.821 to 34.731; p=0.006) had significant predictive associations with OV alone, even after adjustment for age and body mass index. Conclusion: OV may be more closely related to the androgenic and metabolic characteristics of PCOS than FNPO.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.65-70
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• 2005

Those specifications of the CLIA analytical tolerance limits are consistent with the performance goals in Six Sigma Quality Management. Six sigma analysis determines performance quality from bias and precision statistics. It also shows if the method meets the criteria for the six sigma performance. Performance standards calculates allowable total error from several different criteria. Six sigma means six standard deviations from the target value or mean value and about 3.4 failures per million opportunities for failure. Sigma Quality Level is an indicator of process centering and process variation total error allowable. Tolerance specification is replaced by a Total Error specification, which is a common form of a quality specification for a laboratory test. The CLIA criteria for acceptable performance in proficiency testing events are given in the form of an allowable total error, TEa. Thus there is a published list of TEa specifications for regulated analytes. In terms of TEa, Six Sigma Quality Management sets a precision goal of TEa/6 and an accuracy goal of 1.5 (TEa/6). This concept is based on the proficiency testing specification of target value +/-3s, TEa from reference intervals, biological variation, and peer group median mean surveys. We have found rules to calculate as a fraction of a reference interval and peer group median mean surveys. We studied to develop total error allowable from peer group survey results and CLIA 88 rules in US on 19 items TP, ALB, T.B, ALP, AST, ALT, CL, LD, K, Na, CRE, BUN, T.C, GLU, GGT, CA, phosphorus, UA, TG tests in chematology were follows. Sigma level versus TEa from peer group median mean CV of each item by group mean were assessed by process performance, fitting within six sigma tolerance limits were TP ($6.1{\delta}$/9.3%), ALB ($6.9{\delta}$/11.3%), T.B ($3.4{\delta}$/25.6%), ALP ($6.8{\delta}$/31.5%), AST ($4.5{\delta}$/16.8%), ALT ($1.6{\delta}$/19.3%), CL ($4.6{\delta}$/8.4%), LD ($11.5{\delta}$/20.07%), K ($2.5{\delta}$/0.39mmol/L), Na ($3.6{\delta}$/6.87mmol/L), CRE ($9.9{\delta}$/21.8%), BUN ($4.3{\delta}$/13.3%), UA ($5.9{\delta}$/11.5%), T.C ($2.2{\delta}$/10.7%), GLU ($4.8{\delta}$/10.2%), GGT ($7.5{\delta}$/27.3%), CA ($5.5{\delta}$/0.87mmol/L), IP ($8.5{\delta}$/13.17%), TG ($9.6{\delta}$/17.7%). Peer group survey median CV in Korean External Assessment greater than CLIA criteria were CL (8.45%/5%), BUN (13.3%/9%), CRE (21.8%/15%), T.B (25.6%/20%), and Na (6.87mmol/L/4mmol/L). Peer group survey median CV less than it were as TP (9.3%/10%), AST (16.8%/20%), ALT (19.3%/20%), K (0.39mmol/L/0.5mmol/L), UA (11.5%/17%), Ca (0.87mg/dL1mg/L), TG (17.7%/25%). TEa in 17 items were same one in 14 items with 82.35%. We found out the truth on increasing sigma level due to increased total error allowable, and were sure that the goal of setting total error allowable would affect the evaluation of sigma metrics in the process, if sustaining the same process.