• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.7-18
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• 2016

Several authentication methods have been developed to make use of tokens in the mobile networks and smart payment systems. Token used in smart payment system is genearated in place of Primary Account Number. The use of token in each payment transaction is advantageous because the token authentication prevents enemy from intercepting credit card number over the network. Existing token authentication methods work together with the cryptogram, which is computed using the shared key that is provisioned by the token service provider. Long lifetime and repeated use of shared key cause potential brawback related to its vulnerability against the brute-force attack. This paper proposes a per-transaction shared key mechanism, where the per-transaction key is agreed between the mobile device and token service provider for each smart payment transaction. From server viewpoint, per-transaction key list is easy to handle because the per-transaction key has short lifetime below a couple of seconds and the server does not need to maintain the state for the mobile device. We analyze the optimum size of the per-transaction shared key which satisfy the requirements for transaction latency and security strength for secure payment transactions.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.135-144
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• 2017

Recently, mobile phones have been recognized as the most convenient type of mobile payment device. However, they have some security problems; therefore, mobile devices cannot be used for unauthorized transactions using anonymous data by unauthenticated users in a cloud environment. This paper suggests a mobile payment system that uses a certificate mode in which a user receives a paperless receipt of a product purchase in a cloud environment. To address mobile payment system security, we propose the transaction certificate mode (TCM), which supports mutual authentication and key management for transaction parties. TCM provides a software token, the transaction certificate token (TCT), which interacts with a cloud self-proxy server (CSPS). The CSPS shares key management with the TCT and provides simple data authentication without complex encryption. The proposed self-creating protocol supports TCM, which can interactively communicate with the transaction parties without accessing a user's personal information. Therefore, the system can support verification for anonymous data and transaction parties and provides user-based mobile payments with a paperless receipt.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.565-575
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• 2022

In this paper, we propose a non-fungible token (NFT) transaction method that can commercialize the real 3D property and make property sharing possible using the 3D reconstruction technique. In addition, our proposed method enhances the security of NFT copyright and metadata by using optical encryption. In general, a conventional NFT is used for 2D image proprietorial rights. To expand the scope of the use of tokens, many cryptocurrency industries are currently trying to apply tokens to real three-dimensional (3D) property. However, many token markets have an art copyright problem. Many tokens have been minted without considering copyrights. Therefore, tokenizing real property can cause significant social issues. In addition, there are not enough methods to mint 3D real property for NFT commercialization and sharing property tokens. Therefore, we propose a new token management technique to solve these problems using integral imaging and double random phase encryption. To show our system, we conduct a private NFT market using a test blockchain network that can demonstrate the whole NFT transaction process.

• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
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• v.3 no.5
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• pp.251-258
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• 2014

This paper proposes an efficient token flow design methodology for a decoder in the MPEG Reconfigurable Media Coding (RMC) framework. The MPEG RMC framework facilitates a decoder to be configured with a set of modules called functional units (FUs) that are connected by tokens. Such a modular design philosophy of the MPEG RMC framework enables the reusability and reconfigurability of FUs. One drawback of the MPEG RMC framework is that the decoder performance can be affected by increasing the token transmissions between FUs. The proposed method improves the design of the FU network in the RMC framework toward real-time decoder implementation. In the proposed method, the merging of FU, the separation of token flow, and the merging of token transactions are applied to minimize the token traffic between FUs. The experimental results of the MPEG-4 SP decoder show that the proposed method reduces the total decoding time by up to 77 percent compared to the design of the RMC simulation model.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.73-101
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• 2003

Firms can create additional customer values by changing the visibility characteristic of business transactions. Both visible and invisible transactions can provide distinctive values to the customers. Visible transactions are those that are open to the customer: the customer can see the detailed logic of the transaction and may manipulate specific variables to control the transaction process. Invisible transactions mean that customers have little ability to control the transaction flow and may even be insulated from seeing the transaction. These invisible transactions will be taken care of only by suppliers, and be regarded as a process performed by suppliers. This paper pursues finding out the contingencies of successful transaction visibility change by answering to the following question; "when does increasing(or decreasing) transaction visibility make sense to customers?" This archival case study finds out that transaction visibility change should fit to the need and capabilities of customers. Increasing transaction visibility makes sense when customers need a certain supplier's performance and have a confidence in the capabilities of executing the performance. By the same token, decreasing transaction visibility makes sense when customers have substantial troubles in conducting their current transaction actions or when customers don't feel it necessary to conduct them separately because they can be derived from other action.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.119-129
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• 2024

We look at Web 3.0 business model canvas (BMC) of metaverse gaming platform, The Sandbox (TS). As results, the decentralized, blockchain-based platform, TS benefits its creators and players by providing true ownership, tradability of decentralized assets, and interoperability. First, in terms of the governance and ownership, The SAND functions a governance token allowing holders to participate in decision and SAND owners can vote themselves or delegate voting rights to other players of their choice. Second, in terms of decentralized assets and activities, TS offers three products as assets like Vox Edit as a 3D tool for voxel ASSETS, Marketplace as NFT market, and Game Maker as a visual scripting toolbox. The ASSETS made in Vox Edit, sold on the Marketplace, can be also utilized with Game Maker. Third, in terms of the network technology, in-game items are no longer be confined to a narrow ecosystem. The ASSETS on the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) are not changed without the owner's permission. LAND and SAND are supported on Polygon, so that users interact with their tokens in a single place. Last, in terms of the token economics, users can acquire in-game assets, upload these assets to the marketplace, use for paying transaction fees, and use these as governance token for supporting the foundation.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.377-391
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• 2019

Recently, system studies using tokens and block chains for authentication, access control, etc in IoT environment have been going on at home and abroad. However, existing token-based systems are not suitable for IoT environments in terms of security, reliability, and scalability because they have centralized characteristics. In addition, the system using the block chain has to overload the IoT device because it has to repeatedly perform the calculation of the hash et to hold the block chain and store all the blocks. In this paper, we intend to manage the access rights through tokens for proper access control in the IoT. In addition, we apply the Tangle to configure the P2P distributed ledger network environment to solve the problem of the centralized structure and to manage the token. The authentication process and the access right grant process are performed to issue a token and share a transaction for issuing the token so that all the nodes can verify the validity of the token. And we intent to reduce the access control process by reducing the repeated authentication process and the access authorization process by reusing the already issued token.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.73
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• pp.47-79
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• 2022

NFT is literally a 'non-fungible token', a digital file that records specific virtual assets on a blockchain. Events such as ownership of the asset and transaction history are recorded on the blockchain through the token transaction, so counterfeiting and falsification are impossible. Therefore, NFT is used as a tool that can uniquely represent a specific virtual asset. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the characteristics of NFT from a records management point of view and to find ways to use them, and focuses on digital records that have the characteristics of assets as digital works. For this purpose, we first examine the basic concept of NFT and the principle of ownership and proof of value as an asset for digital works. In addition, it was confirmed how the advantages of NFT were applied through NFT use cases in various fields, and in particular, areas related to audio-visual records such as art, music, sports, and fashion were focused on. Furthermore, by comparing the characteristics of digital records with those of NFT, factors applicable to electronic records were identified. Finally, the types of digital records that are expected to be effective in the application of NFT were identified, and the possibility of their use and discussion points for introduction in records management are presented.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.95-109
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• 2022

A blockchain based platform can ensure data integrity, reliability, and security by applying distributed processing and encryption technology for transaction records. In the existing knowledge sharing platform, the created knowledge could not be shared or utilized sufficiently due to information asymmetry and centralization. However little research has been done so far on this area. In this study, we will examine case studies and development potentials for blockchain based knowledge sharing platforms based on previous studies of blockchain technology, token economy, knowledge sharing, motivation theory, and social exchange theory. Blockchain based platforms can contribute to the activation of knowledge sharing, by resolving information asymmetry, simplifying unnecessary work procedures through unified knowledge sharing flow and excluded centralization of authority by decentralization, and strengthening access and utilization of the knowledge produced by the platform.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.187-191
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• 2021

In the digital world, the transactions of assets with intrinsic value can be applied to games, literature, art, and music by issuing NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens) based on Blockchain; various NFT exchanges are emerging accordingly just like real world asset exchanges. However, there could be an issue of copyright infringement in those NFT transactions. Therefore, this paper has classified the types of copyright infringement that may occur in NFT exchanges and proposes the copyright infringement countermeasures according to them. For this purpose, 10 types of NFT exchange are examined. Eventually, it can be expected that the proposed countermeasures will contribute to the revitalization of the NFT market by providing solutions for those issues.