• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제6권
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• pp.1-16
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• 2005

This study was conducted to the middle and high school students in some Seoul and Kyunki areas to identify the smoking behavior characteristics among adolescences. A self-administered survey was conducted to the 2nd grad students in 4 middle schools and 6 high schools and the survey Questionnaire included general characteristics, smoking and drug use history, the close people's smoking and drug use, smoking and drug abuse prevention education, smoking intention, and smoking attitude. A total of 2,452 youths finished the survey (1,182 middle school students and 1,270 high school students). Current smoking students were 14.6%, the ex-smokers were 5.5%, and the never smokers were 85.4%. Majority of students smoked less than 5 bars of cigarettes and their first smoking experiences were related to their family members (siblings, parents, and relatives), friends, advertisement in order. Other GYTS countries reported the similar sources of the smoking start and friend was prior smoking start factor to the other sources. The students who wanted to Quit smoking were 6.7% and the students who ever had tried to Quit smoking were 9.1%. The major reasons of Quitting smoking were for their health and for their financial burden. Approximately 60% learned about smoking and drug abuse in their regular school classes, 8.4% were in the special school activities, and 7.9% were in the class closing time sometimes in order. The students who learned in any regular class were smaller in the high school students than in the middle school students. The learning experiences in school of other GYTS countries were similar to that of Korea. In conclusion, students' smoking was affected not only by the preventive activities in school but also by the close people's behaviors and care in this study; therefore, the active partnership between school and family must be a strong strategy for youth's smoking prevention.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.179-184
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• 2001

담배 정상주 (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. BY-4), 약배양으로 유도시킨 반수체 (2n=2x=24), 콜히친 처리로 염색체를 배가한 식물체 (2n=4x=48)및 그 후대식물체 (F$_1$)를 각각 사용하여 배수성에 따른 공변세포 내 엽록체 수를 조사하였다. 공변세포 내 엽록체의 수는 정상주에서 반수체의 2배로 배수성과 밀접한 관계를 나타내었다. 또한, 반수체를 콜히친으로 배가시킨 식물체에서 공변세포 내 엽록체의 수는 반수체의 2배로 배수성이 회복됨에 따라 증가하였다. 이배체의 후대식물에서도 공변세포 내 엽록체의 수는 반수체의 2배로 나타났다. 엽령에 따른 공변세포 내 엽록체 수의 변동도 관찰되지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 기공의 공변세포 내에 분포하는 엽록체 수와 배수성 (2x와 4x)과는 밀접한 관계가 있음을 시사하는 것이다. 기내에서 생장한 식물체에서 공변세포 내 엽록체의 수는 pot 재배식물체와 비슷한 결과를 나타내었다. 따라서 잎의 공변세포 내 기공수는 배수성을 간단하게 판정하는데 이용할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.126-136
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• 2008

사경재배에서 이식후 70일 동안 생육된 연초 식물체를 이용하여 지상원격측정 센서들의 유효 측정거리와 측정 효율성을 평가하였다. 센서의 측정거리와 목표물의 캐노피 형태는 연초 엽의 제거방법을 상위엽부터 하위엽으로 차례로 제거하는 top-down 방법과 하위엽부터 상위엽으로 차례로 제거하는 bottom-up 방법으로 구분하여 조절하였다. 시험에 적용된 센서들은 수동형센서로서 $Crop\;Circle^{TM}$과 Spectroradiometer 그리고 능동형 센서는 $Crop\;Circle^{TM}(ACS210)$ red와 amber 및 $GreenSeeker^{TM}$ red와 green 등 4개 종류를 비교하였다. 검토된 모든 센서들의 반사율지표는 수동형과 능동형 센서의 종류에 관계없이 연초식물의 하위엽보다 상위엽의 캐노피 형태에 따라 크게 영향을 받았다. 비교 검토된 측정거리보다 큰 213 cm의 유효거리를 갖 는 $Crop\;Circle^{TM}(ACS210)$에 의한 반사율지표들은 센서의 유효거리가 제한되지 않은 수동형 센서의 경우와 동일하게 측정거리에 따른 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나유효거리 80-120cm로 제시된 $GreenSeeker^{TM}$능동형 센서는 유효측정거리의 한계로 규정된 120 cm보다 멀어질 경우 반사율지표는 크게 감소되고 측정오차를 보여 센서별로 규정된 유효 측정거리는 반드시 지켜야 하는 것으로 확인되었다. 연초 엽의 top-down 제거방법에 따른 건물중과 반사율지표의 상대비율로 상호관계를 평가한 결과 건물중 변화를 검출하는 능력은 수동형 센서보다 능동형 센서가 양호한 경향이었으며 센서 종류별로는 $Crop\;Circle^{TM}(ACS210)$ red >$Crop\;Circle^{TM}(ACS210)$ amber = $GreenSeeker^{TM}$ red > $Crop\;Circle^{TM}$ passive > $GreenSeeker^{TM}$ green > spectroradiometer의 순으로 측정효율이 감소되었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.4335-4338
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• 2015

Background: Oral cancer is the third most common malignancy in Saudi Arabia, the highest incidence of which is reported from Jazan province. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of various locally used substances, especially shamma, with oral cancer in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based case-control study was designed and patient records were scanned for histologically confirmed oral cancer cases. Forty eight patients who were recently diagnosed with oral cancer were selected as cases. Two healthy controls were selected for each observed case and they were matched with age (+/- 5 years) gender and location. Use of different forms of tobacco such as cigarettes, pipe-smoking and shamma (smokeless-tobacco) was assessed. Khat, a commonly used chewing substance in the community was also included. Descriptive analysis was first performed followed by multiple logistic regression (with and without interaction) to derive odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs). Results: Mean age of the study sample (56% males and 44% females) was 65.3 years. Multinomial regression analysis revealed that shamma use increased the odds of developing oral cancer by 29 times (OR=29.3; 10.3-83.1). Cigarette (OR=6.74; 2.18-20.8) was also seen to have an effect. With the interaction model the odds ratio increased significantly for shamma users (OR=37.2; 12.3-113.2) and cigarette smokers (OR=10.5; 2.88-3.11). Khat was observed to have negative effect on the disease occurrence when used along with shamma (OR=0.01; 0.00 - 0.65). Conclusions: We conclude that shamma, a moist form of smokeless tobacco is a major threat for oral cancer occurrence in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. This study gives a direction to conduct further longitudinal studies in the region with increased sample size representing the population in order to provide more substantial evidence.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.62-70
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• 1985

The purpose of this study is to investigate the basic data such the total, the daily maximum, and the peak stage of consumptive use of water and also the soil moisture extraction pattern for irrigation plan of tobacco during the growing period. The plots at which this study was conducted are divided into three fertilization levels of 30g, 60g, and 90g. Each block for three levels is divided as vinyl mulching and irrigation plot, vinyl mulching and nonirrigation plot, and nonmulching and irrigation plot. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The evapotranspiration amount of mulching-irrigation plots are similar to that of mulching-nonirrigation plots. While, the evapotranspiration amount of mulching plots are different obviousely from that of nonmulching plots. Therefore, a significance was recognized between the mulching plots and the nonmulching plots. 2. The amount of evapotranspiration in case of 60g and 90g fertilization level was larger than that of 30g. But the 60g plots and the 90g plots showed little differences. 3. In the total amount of evapotranspiration for each of the experimental plots during the growing period, nonmulching-irrigation plot showed the largest value of 332.9mm, second the mulching-irrigation plot, 284. 9mm, and the mulching-nonirrigation plot, the smallest as 255. 9mm. 4. In the monthly average amount of evapotranspiration for each of the treatment plots, the mulching-irrigation the mulching-nonirrigation, and the nonmulching-irrigation plot showed 3. 6mm, 3. 2mm and 4. 2mm respectively. The daily maximum amount of evapotranspiration showed 5. 1mm, 4. 5mm, and 6.4mm for the mulching-irrigation, the mulching-nonirrigationl, and the nonmulching-irrigation plot respectively. 5. It was confirmed that the higher correlationship exists between the weight of dried leaves and the amount of evapotranspiration, and between the weight of dried leaves and the coefficient of evapotranspiration with the function of logarithms. The coefficient of evapotranspiration have a tendency to increase in proportion to the leaf area index. 6. The maximum coefficient of evapotranspration and the largest leaf area index showed 1. 45 and 5.5 respectively. The stage appeared maximum values was assumed to be before and after flowering. 7. The soil moisture extraction pattern has changed by the depth of root zone for the tobacco's growing. The soil moisture extraction influenced on the 20cm depth of soil after 15 days passed, the 30cm depth after 25 days passed and the whole root zone after 45 days passed from planting. It was shown in the only mulching-irrigation plot after S5days passed from planting that the rate of soil moisture extraction of 20cm layer was larger than that of 10cm layer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권16호
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• pp.7077-7084
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• 2015

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most prevalent malignancy among males in India. While tobacco and alcohol are main aetiological factors, human papilloma virus (HPV) presence has surprisingly increased in head and neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) in the past two decade but its frequency in OSCCS is still uncertain. We aim to explore the frequency of HPV and its major genotypes in North Indian patients and their association with clinicopathological and histopathological features and p16 expression pattern. Materials and Methods: The study group comprised 250 histologically proven cases of OSCC. HPV was detected by real time PCR in tumor biopsy specimens and confirmed by conventional PCR with PGMY09/PGMY11 primers. Genotyping for high-risk types 16/18 was conducted by type specific PCR. p16 expression was assessed by immunohistochemsitry. Results: HPV presence was confirmed in 23/250 (9.2%) OSCC cases, of which 30.4% had HPV 16 infection, 17.4%were positive for HPV 18 and 26.1% had co-infections. HPV presence was significantly associated with male gender (p=0.02) and habit of pan masala chewing (p=0.01). HPV positive cases also had a history of tobacco consumption in 91.3% cases. p16 over expression was observed in 39.1% of HPV positive cases but this was not significantly different from negative cases (p=0.54). Conclusions: The frequency of HPV in OSCC is low in North-India and majority of cases are associated with a tobacco habit. It appears that tobacco shows a confounding effect in HPV positive cases and use of p16 protein as a reliable marker to assess the potential etiological role of HPV in OSCC in our population is not suggested.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.346-352
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• 2018

본 연구는 대학생들의 수면의 질에 영향을 미치는 흡연행태를 파악하여 대학생 및 20대 청년층을 대상으로 한 국가 흡연예방 및 금연 정책의 기초자료로 사용되고자 한다. 2017년 5월 29일에서 2017년 6월 2일까지 5일간 대학생 291명을 대상으로 흡연행태와 PSQI(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) 설문지를 통해 수면의 질을 측정하였다. 다중 로지스틱 회귀분석을 Step-wise로 시행한 결과 학년이 증가할수록 OR=2.542-2.820배 수면의 질이 악화되었고, 비흡연자와 금연자에 비해 1갑 미만 흡연할 경우 OR=3.126배, 1갑 이상 흡연을 할 경우 OR=12.388배로 수면의 질이 악화되었다. 또한 일반담배 흡연자 중 수면의 질이 좋지 않은 대학생은 72.4%이나 전자담배 또는 가향담배 흡연자는 수면의 질이 좋지 않은 대학생이 82.6%로 일반담배보다 전자담배 또는 가향담배가 수면의 질을 더 악화시켰다. 수면의 질을 개선하기 위해서는 금연이 필수적이나 금연이 쉽지는 않으므로 국가차원에서 법적인 규제와 정책을 운영할 필요가 있고, 단계적 집중 금연관리를 해줄 수 있는 시스템 또는 서비스가 필요하다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.1747-1753
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• 2013

Background: It is projected that low and middle-income countries will bear a major burden of tobacco related morbidity and mortality, yet, only limited information is available on the determinants of smoking initiation among youth in Africa. This study aimed to assess the determinants of smoking initiation and susceptibility to future smoking among a population of high school school students in Lagos, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Baseline data from an intervention study designed to assess the effect of an anti-smoking awareness program on the knowledge, attitudes and practices of adolescents was analyzed. The survey was carried out in six randomly selected public and private secondary schools in local government areas in Lagos state, Nigeria. A total of 973 students completed self-administered questionnaires on smoking initiation, health related knowledge and attitudes towards smoking, susceptibility to future smoking and other factors associated with smoking. Results: Of the respondents, 9.7% had initiated smoking tobacco products with the predominant form being cigarettes (7.3%). Males (OR: 2.77, 95%CI: 1.65-4.66) and those with more pro-smoking attitudes (OR: 1.44, 95%CI: 1.34-1.54) were more likely to have initiated smoking. Those with parents and friends who are smokers were 3.47 (95%CI: 1.50-8.05) and 2.26 (95%CI: 1.27-4.01) times more likely to have initiated smoking. Non-smoking students, in privately owned schools (OR: 5.08), with friends who smoke (5.09), with lower knowledge (OR: 0.87) and more pro-smoking attitudes (OR 1.13) were more susceptible to future smoking. In addition, respondents who had been sent to purchase cigarettes by an older adult (OR: 3.68) were also more susceptible to future smoking. Conclusions: Being male and having parents who smoke are predictors of smoking initiation among these students. Consistent with findings in other countries, peers not only influence smoking initiation but also influence smoking susceptibility among youth in this African setting. Prevention programs designed to reduce tobacco use among in-school youth should take these factors into consideration. In line with the recommendations of article 16 of the WHO FCTC, efforts to enforce the ban on the sales of cigarettes to minors should be also emphasised.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.241-247
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• 2009

본 연구는 일부 치위생(학)과 학생을 대상으로 흡연실태와 흡연지식 및 금연지식 정도를 조사하기 위해 설문조사한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 치위생(학)과 학생들의 흡연율은 6.4%로 치과위생사를 대상으로 조사한 결과(4.3%)보다 높은 수준이었다. 따라서 재학생의 금연에 대한 인식 변화와 건강 그리고 금연을 지도해야 하는 예비 금연지도자로서 선행되어야 할 금연을 위한 교육이 필요하다고 할 수 있다. 2. 흡연경험자등의 최초 흡연시기는 중학교시절이 42.6%로 가장 많았다. 따라서 청소년시기에 담배에 조기에 노출되지 않도록 국가적인 차원의 적극적인 노력이 필요한 것으로 생각된다. 3. 금연을 시도해 본 경험은 89.3%였고, 금연실패유무의 이유로는 개인의 의지때문이라고 15%가 대답하였다. 따라서 금연시도율을 높이고, 금연실패율을 낮추기 위해서 반드시 금연을 해야 하는 타당성을 이해시키고, 금연과 관련된 학생들에 대해 1회성 교육이 아닌 지속적인 교육이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 4. 이상의 결과를 볼 때 금연교육은 어릴때부터 지속적으로 해야 하며, 흡연을 하고 있는 예비 치과위생사들에게 흡연에 대한 인식과 금연의 필요성을 보다 더 확실히 알 수 있도록 치위생(학)과 교육과정내에서의 금연교육이 절실하게 필요한 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.302-309
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• 1990

Peat의 생산(生産) 분류(分類) 가공(加工) 사용(使用), 품질관리(品質管理) 성분(成分) 등에 관한 세계(世界)의 연구현황을 소개하였다. 우리나라의 그간 연구를 종합검토(綜合檢討)하였으며 토양생산성(土壤生産性)을 높이기 위한 사용전망(使用展望)을 검토하였다. 국제적(國際的)인 관계변화(關係變化)등 여러면에서 peat는 경제적으로 유용한 토양개량재료이며 생물산업의 신소재로 보여 대응연구가 필요(必要)한 것으로 보인다.