• 분석과학
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.431-435
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• 2005

환경흡연 (Environmental Tobacco Smoking)의 폐해를 평가하기 위해, 금연을 결심한 사람들을 대상으로 정하여 주요 방향족 VOC 성분의 농도를 측정하였다. 금연 전후의 호흡시료를 확보하여, BTEX 성분의 농도를 관측하였다. 그 결과 호흡시료에 함유된 VOC는 금연 전과 후에 확연한 차이를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 금연 전후 톨루엔 성분이 단일 성분으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 그러나 저감효과는 금연전 4.8에서 금연후 0.46 ppb 수준으로 줄어든 벤젠성분에서 가장 두드러지게 나타났다. 금연 후 시료의 농도는 비흡연자들의 호흡에서 발견되는 농도와 차이가 두드러지지 않았다. 전체적인 연구결과를 평가하였을 때, 본 연구에서 사용한 BTEX와 같은 성분들의 농도변화는 흡연과 금연의 단계를 평가하는 하나의 지표성분으로 활용가능하다는 것을 시사하였다.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.14-24
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of smoking conditions on the in vitro toxicological activity of mainstream smoke. The 2R4F reference cigarette was machine-smoked by International Organization for Standardization(ISO) and Canadian Intense(CI) conditions. Smoke was analysed for chemical composition and in vitro toxicity. The cytotoxic potencies of both the total particulate matter(TPM), which were collected in Cambridge filter pad, and gas/vapor phase(GVP), which was bubbled through in phosphate-buffer saline in a gas-washing bottle, were assessed neutral red up take assay with chinese hamster ovary(CHO) cells. The assessment for genotoxicity of TPMs generated under ISO and CI conditions was determined using Salmonella mutagenicity assay and in vitro micronucleus assay. When calculated on an equal TPM basis, in vitro toxicity of TPM obtained under CI condition was decreased compared to TPM generated under ISO condition. The results of chemical composition analyses revealed that the lower toxicological activity under CI condition than that of ISO condition could be explained by the decreased in the contents of phenols, N-nitrosoamines and aromatic amines of TPM on an equal TPM basis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.2663-2667
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• 2012

Objectives: An attempt was made to understand the nicotine dependence of smokers selected for an ongoing smoking cessation intervention programme in rural Kerala, India. Methods: Data were collected from resident males in the age group of 18 to 60 years from 4 randomly allocated community development blocks of rural Thiruvananthapuram district (2 intervention and 2 control groups). Trained accredited social health activist workers were utilised to collect data from all groups through face to face interview. Nicotine dependence among participants was assessed by means of the six-item Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) translated into the local language. The internal consistency of FTND was computed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Criterion validity (concurrent) was assessed by correlations of nicotine dependence scores with age at initiation of smoking and cumulative smoking volume in pack-years. Results: Among the 928 smokers identified, 474 subjects were in the intervention area (mean age = 44.6 years, SD = 9.66 years) and 454 in the control area (mean age = 44.5 years, SD = 10.30 years). The overall FTND score among current daily smokers was 5.04 (SD: 5.05). FTND scores in the control and intervention areas were 4.75 (SD: 2.57) and 4.92 (SD: 2.51) respectively. The FTND scores increased with age and decreased with higher literacy and socioeconomic status. The average FTND score was high among smokers using both bidi and cigarettes (mean 6.10, SD 2.17). Internal consistency analysis yielded a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.70 in a subsample of 150 subjects, a moderate result. The association of the scale was strongest, with the number of pack-years smoked (rho = 0.677, p < 0.001). Conclusion: A moderate level of nicotine dependence was observed among smokers in the current study. Tobacco cessation strategies could be made more cost effective and productive if a baseline assessment of nicotine dependence is completed before any intervention.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.411-417
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• 2016

Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine the indoor level of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and to assess the implementation rate of smoke-free laws at hospitality venues around a university campus by measuring particulate matter smaller than $2.5{\mu}m$ ($PM_{2.5}$) as an indicator of ETS. Materials and Methods: We measured indoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations at 20 PC game rooms, 20 pubs, and 20 billiards halls using Sidepak AM510, a direct reading portable real time monitor, from October to December 2015. Results: Smoking was observed in 65% of the PC game rooms, 10% of pubs, and 85% of billiards halls. The average $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were $98.2{\mu}g/m^3$, $29.0{\mu}g/m^3$, and $134.2{\mu}g/m^3$ at PC game rooms, pubs, and billiards halls, respectively. $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in PC game rooms and billiards halls were 2 to 2.7 times higher than the 24-hour exposure standard for outdoor $PM_{2.5}$ ($50{\mu}g/m^3$) by the Ministry of Environment. Conclusions: Although a smoking ban has been implemented for PC rooms and pubs, smoking is still taking place in many of these places. More stringent legal action is required for successfully protecting patrons and workers from secondhand smoke exposure. A ban on smoking in billiards halls should be introduced as quickly as possible.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권sup1호
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• pp.85-90
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• 2016

Two years after implementation of the graphic health warning intervention in Vietnam, it is very important to evaluate the intervention's potential impact. The objective of this paper was to predict effects of graphic health warnings on cigarette packages, particularly in reducing cigarette demand and smoking-associated deaths in Vietnam. In this study, a discrete choice experiment (DCE) method was used to evaluate the potential impact of graphic tobacco health warnings on smoking demand. To predict the impact of GHWs on reducing premature deaths associated with smoking, we constructed different static models. We adapted the method developed by University of Toronto, Canada and found that GHWs had statistically significant impact on reducing cigarette demand (up to 10.1% through images of lung damage), resulting in an overall decrease of smoking prevalence in Vietnam. We also found that between 428,417- 646,098 premature deaths would be prevented as a result of the GHW intervention. The potential impact of the GHW labels on reducing premature smoking-associated deaths in Vietnam were shown to be stronger among lower socio-economic groups.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.66-75
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of high temperature and humidity on the ageing of processed leaf tobacco. Four(1993) or six(1994) grades (Both flued-cured and burley) of processed leaf packed in carton box were stored under the natural and artificial conditions. When the Processed leaf was stored in the controlled mom at 40℃ with 75% R.H.(1993) for 40 days, the leaf pH was decreased. The decreasing rate of leaf pH was similar to that of leaf stored under the natural warehouse condition for 15 months. The degree of lightness and yellowness of leaf also decreased, while the decaying or darkening of the leaf was observed. When the processed leaf was stored in the controlled room at 35℃ with 65% R.H.(1994) for 90 days, the pH of flue-cured was decreased 0.22, which was similar to that of the leaf stored under the natural warehouse condition for 15 months, and the lightness, and redness of the leaf were higher than those of the control. As compared with the leaf stored under the natural condition for 2 years, the smoking quality of leaf stored under this condition was similar or somewhat better. The pH of burley tobacco changed little compared to that of flue-cured during storage in this study.

• 식품보건융합연구
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2018

Background: the self-regulating in adolescent's smokers as prevention is one of the lines of the work team in the consultation of Ceasing Tobacco. Objective: to identify the factors of risks that impact in the self-regulation to prevent the tobacco in adolescents. The investigation embraced one period from March 2017 to September 2018. Method: a descriptive study of traverse court was used. Registered to 31 students for sampling intentional non probabilistic, of an universe of 50 adolescent students. It was used empiric methods; clinical histories, interviews structured and the questionnaire. Conclusion: the female sex prevailed, where 54,8 % between the 12 to 19 years of age. Results: the incidence the factors of risks that impact in the self-regulation to prevent the tobacco in adolescents are the group contagion with 54,7 %, family problems for a 29,0 % and situational depression with 16,1 %, where it is necessary the self-regulation that should have the adolescents in the life.

• 생약학회지
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.173-179
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• 1973

Tobacco, which has nicotine for its main component, has been in medical use for a long time and in great demand for smoking throughout the world. The purpose of this study is to control nicotine amount and to increase yield more efficiently by the method of systematic variations. Nutrient solutions for tobacco culture were designed and prepared in 10 kinds with mineral ions: $NO_{3^-},\;SO_{4^{--},\;PO_4{^{-3},\;K,{^+}\;Ca,{^{++}\;Mg,{^{++}$, Mn, B, Cu, Zn, Mo, and Fe. Nicotiana tabacum L. Yellow Special A, grown for 50days from sowing, was replanted in plastic pot and cultured for 65 days supplying with prepared nutrient solutions. After harvest, their nicotine amount was determined by means of acid-base titrimetry and gas chromatography. The tobacco plants in KCa 4 and KMg 9 groups demonstrated the highest yield in total leaves weight and KMg 7 group in average nicotine amount. They have shown the increase of nicotine amount from lower leaf to 16th leaf, and thereafter decreased gradually. The author also pursued the optimum ionic proportions for the absolute nicotine amount in tobacco by means of systematic variations method.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.7283-7288
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• 2013

Background: Tobacco use among adolescents is a major public health concern, and identifying predictors of smoking is necessary for planning prevention programs. The present study examined the relationship between refusal self efficacy, self esteem, smoking refusal skills and water pipe (hookah) smoking among Iranian male adolescents. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 380 Iranian male adolescents aged between 15-19 years selected by multistage sampling. The participants completed an anonymous, voluntary, self-report questionnaire. Variables independently associated with water pipe (WP) smoking were identified by multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The mean age of the participants was $16.7{\pm}1.3$ years. The prevalence of WP smoking was 17.3%. Logistic regression analysis revealed that knowledge (OR=0.56; 95% CI: (0.37-0.79), attitude (OR=0.69; 95% CI: (0.52-0.89), self esteem (OR=0.67; 95% CI: (0.55-0.82), smoking refusal skills (OR=0.73; 95% CI: (0.55-0.87), and self efficacy (OR=.82; 95% CI: (0.61-0.93) were all signifcant prediting facotrs for adolescents WP smoking. Conclusions: The findings have implications for public health interventions. Indeed, self efficacy and smoking refusal skills should be considered when developing tailored measures for the prevention of WP smoking among adolescents.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권18호
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• pp.7629-7634
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• 2014

Background: Cigarette smokers have their own motivation and justification to smoke. For example, smoking reduces their stress or enhances their pleasure. This study aimed to identify the (a) prevalence of cigarette smokers among undergraduates in Malaysia, (b) gender differences in nicotine dependence among current smokers, (c) differences in psychological problems (depression, anxiety and stress) based on the status of smoking cigarettes (current, former and non-smokers) and (d) extent to which precipitating factors (tension reduction, addiction, automatism, handling, social interaction, pleasure, and stimulation) predict the smoking behavior among current smokers. Materials and Methods: In this study 780 undergraduate students participated from a private university in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor state in Malaysia. The Depression, Stress and Anxiety Scale, Modified Reason for Smoking Scale and Fagerstrom Nicotine Dependence Test were used to measure psychological problems, predictors of smoking behavior and nicotine dependency among current smokers. Results: The results showed that 14.7%(n=106) of the students were smokers. Current smokers exhibited more psychological problems (depression, anxiety and stress) compared to former and non-smokers. Addiction, tension reduction, pleasure and automatism were predictors of smoking behavior among the current smoking students. Step wise regression analysis showed that smoking behavior was highly predicted by nicotine dependency or addiction. Smoking students were motivated to smoke cigarettes as they believed that it reduced their tension and enhance pleasure. Conclusions: Hence, there is a need for health promotion and anti-tobacco prevention as cigarette smokers experience more psychological problems. Nicotine dependency or addition was one of the major causes for smoking behavior among the student population in Malaysia.