• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2008

The use of titanium in the field of dentistry has increased, due to their excellent biocompatibility, appropriate mechanical properties, corrosion-resistance and low price. However, many difficulties with the use of titanium for metal-ceramic crowns remain to be solved. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of surface modifications on the bonding characteristics of specific titanium porcelain bonded to cast titanium. The surfaces of Titanium were prepared with 4 test groups, i) sandblasted with particles of different size, ii) sandblasted after treated oxidization and oxidized after sandblast. We observed the bond strength and node aspect of titanium and ceramic, and respect to the methods of modifying surface of titanium by the test of mean roughness of surface, Scanning Electron Microscope, and 3-point flexural bend test. The results show that, 1. The specimens, which treated oxidization after process of sandblast with particles of 50um size, were the better for the bond strength in comparison with other specimen. 2. The specimen with process of sandblasting after oxidization treatment were the better for stability of the bond strength. 3. The wettability of titanium surface affect the bond strength.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.821-836
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• 2000

The Peri-implantitis causes inflammation of periodontal tissue and bone loss. It contaminates surface of implants. Therefore, guided bone regeneration has been used for the treatment of this disease. For the reosseointegration of the exposed surface, various mechanical and chemical methods have been used for cleaning and detoxication of implant surface. Among these methods, air-powder abrasive and oversaturated citrate are known to be most effective. However, these treatments may deform implant surface. In this research, changes of surface roughness they were examined. 10 experimental machined titanium cylinder models were fabricated to be used for control groups. Each of them was air powder abraded for 1 minute and they were named group 1. And then, group 1 were burnished with cotton pellets soaked with citrate for 30 seconds(Group 2), 1 minute(Group 3), 3 minutes(Group 4), and 5 minutes(Group 5) burnishing were applied for grouping respectively. Each group were examined with SPM, and their surface roughness were measured and analyzed. 1. Surface roughness of titanium decreased when it was air-powder abraded for 1 minute. It was statistically significant. 2. When Air-powder abraded titanium were treated with citrate for 3 minutes, Their surface roughness was the lowest. Titanium treated for 1 minute was the second lowest and 30 seconds was the third and titanium burnished for 5 minutes was the highest. 3. Surface roughness of titanium which was treated with citrate was decreased till 3 minutes, which was statistically significant. There was no statistical significance from 30 seconds to 1 minute and from 1 minute to 3 minutes, and there was statistical significance from 30 seconds to 3 minutes. 4. Oxide layer was formed when titanium is exposed to air, and it was removed when air-powder abraded. It was made when treated with citrate. It is thought that citrate treatment is necessary after the air-powder abrasion, and 1 minute is clinically and qualitatively adequate for burnishing time of citrate.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.55-62
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• 2002

This investigation reports the grinding characteristics of titanium alloy(Ti-6AI-4V). Grinding experiments were performed at various grinding conditions. The grinding forces were measured to investigate the grindability of titanium alloy with the five different wheels including Green carbide, Alumina, Resin Diamond, Resin CBN and Vitrified CBN. To investigate the grinding characteristics of titanium alloy grinding force, force ratio, specific grinding energy and grinding-ratio were measured. Surface roughness was also measured with tracer and the ground surfaces were observed with SEM Residual stress measurement was conducted on the X-Ray Diffractometer. Force ratio of grinding of titanium alloy was very lower than that of grinding of SKD-11 Surface roughness with Resin Diamond wheel was a little larger and rougher surface than that with other wheels Grinding ratio of titanium alloy was a little lower than that of other materials. Grinding ratio of titanium alloy with Diamond wheel was almost six times larger than that With CBN wheel. As a result of five different wheels, the most excellent wheel in grinding of Titanium alloy was Resin Diamond wheel.

• 구강생물연구
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.187-197
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• 2018

Chemical agents such as minocycline (MC) and citric acid (CA) were suggested in the treatment of contaminated implant surface. In this study, MC-HCl treatment was performed to enhance surface characteristics of titanium alloy surface. The purpose of this study was to assess the characteristics and the biocompatibility of Ti-6Al-4V surface treated by MC. Alpha-beta titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) samples were prepared and they were divided into 6 groups according to chemical concentration and treatment time. These groups include 1) group I, non-treated smooth titanium alloy; 2) group II, MC 1.5 mg/mL for 1 hour; 3) group III, MC 1.5 mg/mL for 24 hours; 4) group IV, MC 15 mg/mL for 10 minutes; 5) group V, MC 100 mg/mL for 5 minutes; 6) group VI, pH1 CA for 3 minutes. The analysis of the surface characteristics of MC-treated titanium alloy was executed using scanning electron microscopy, roughness test, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Cell adhesion and MTT assay was done using MC3T3 cell. Titanium surfaces treated with MC indicated a more smoothened surface microstructure. For group II and III, the new peaks of rutile TiO2 were found. Group II and V have more basic group of Ti-OH form in XPS. In MTT assay, all MC-treated groups showed significantly higher cell viability compared to control. The surface roughness, crystal structure, surface hydrophilicity, cell viability of smooth titanium surface was improved by MC treatment. Compared with the control experiment and CA-treated group, smooth titanium surface treated with MC showed improved surface characteristics and cell biocompatibility.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.607-621
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• 1999

This study examined the human fibroblasts cell attachment to commercially pure titanium surface which had been instrumented by 3 types of periodontal instruments. Commercially pure titanium plates were uniformly scaled using plastic, stainless steel, titanium curette. these all experimental groups 65 undirectional strokes with the designated curettes. Alteration of the surfaces due to instrumentation was evaluated by Form Talysurf(R) and reported as Ra value(mean surface roughness). Then other experimental groups were immersed in a cell suspension of human gingival fibroblasts($1{\times}10^5$ cell/ml). After 3 days of culture, cell attachment and morphology was observed by SEM, and attached cell were counted by Hemocytometer. A significant difference in mean Ra value was observed for surface instrumented by metal curette compared to either control surface or surface instrumented by the plastic curette(P<0.01). No stastically significant difference was noted between control surface and those instrumented by the plastic curette. SEM observation showed that cell morphology and attachment to the commercially pure titanium plate was similar appearance on the all experimental groups. Experimental groups instrumented by titanium curette and stainless steel curette were more attached cell number than control group, but experimental group instrumented by plastic curette were similar with control groups(P<0.01). In summary, metal curette produced an significant alteration of the commercially pure titanium surface and more favorable surface topography for cell attachment. Otherwise plastic curette was insignificantly altered the commercially pure titanium surface(P<0.01).

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.86-93
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• 2005

Abrasive waterjet (AWJ) can provide a more effective means for precision of difficult -to-machining materials such as ceramics and titanium alloys. The present study is focused on the surface roughness of abrasive waterjet cut surfaces. This paper investigated theoretical and experimental surface characteristics associated with abrasive waterjet cutting of titanium alloy Gr2. It is shown that the proper variations of several cutting parameters such as waterjet cutting pressure, cutting speed and cutting depth improve the roughness and characteristics on specimen surfaces produced by AWJ cutting. From the experimental results by AWJ cutting of titanium alloy Gr2, the optimal cutting conditions to improve the surface roughness and precision were proposed and discussed.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.697-709
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• 2002

The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of citric acid on the change of implant surface microstructure according to application time. Implants with pure titanium machined surface, titanium plasma-sprayed surface, and sand-blasted, large grit, acid etched surface were utilized. Implant surface was rubbed with pH 1 citric acid for $\frac{1}{2}$ min., 1 min., 1 $\frac{1}{2}$ min., 2 min., and 3min, respeaively in the test group and implant surface was not treated in the control group. Then, the specimens were processed for scanning electron microscopic observation. The following results were obtained. 1. Both test and control group showed a few shallow grooves and ridges in pure titanium machined surface implants. There were not significant differences between two groups. 2. In titanium plasma-sprayed surfaces, round or amorphous particles were deposited irregularly. The irregularity of titanium plasma-sprayed surfaces conditioned with pH 1 citric acid was lessened and the cracks were increased relative to the application time of pH 1 citric acid. 3. Sand-blasted, large grit, acid etched surfaces showed the macro/micro double roughness. The application of pH 1 citric acid didn't change the characteristics of the sand-blasted, large grit, acid etched surfaces. In conclusion, the application of pH 1 citric acid to titanium plasma-sprayed surface is improper. And pure titanium machined surface implants and sand-blasted, large grit, acid etched surface implants can he treated with pH 1 citric acid for peri-implantitis treatment if the detoxification of these surfaces could be evaluated.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.499-518
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• 2003

The surface characteristics of titanium have been shown to have an important role in contact ossseointegration around the implant. Anodizing at high voltage produces microporous structure and increases thickness of surface titanium dioxide layer. The aim of present study was to analyse the response of rat calvarial osteoblast cell to commercially pure titanium and Ti-6A1-4V anodized in 0.06 mol/l ${\beta}$-glycerophosphate and 0.03 mol/l sodium acetate. In this study, rat calvarial osteoblasts were used to assay for cell viability and cell proliferation on the implant surface at 1,2,4,7 days. 1. Surface roughness was 1.256${\mu}m$ at 200V, and 1.745${\mu}m$ at 300V. 2. The thickness of titanium oxide layer was increased 1 ${\mu}m$ with the increase of 50V. 3. The proliferation rate of osteoblastic cells was increased with the increase of the surface roughness and the thickness of titanium oxide layer. 4. There was no difference in cell viability and cell proliferation between commercially pure titanium and Ti-6A1-4V anodized at the same condition. In conclusion, the titanium surface modified by anodizing was biocompatible, produced enhanced osteoblastic response. The reasons of enhanced osteoblast response might be due to reduced metal ion release by thickened and stabilized titanium dioxide layer and microporous rough structures.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.41-53
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• 2024

Titanium alloy is gaining attention in the medical industry due to its excellent biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. However, the natural oxide film on the titanium surface is insoluble, resulting in inadequate bone adhesion. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the contact between biological tissues and implant surfaces, and alter the chemical composition and morphological characteristics of the implant surface. In this study, the anodization method was applied to titanium surface treatment to form a uniform and robust oxide film. Subsequently, a chemical process, pore-widening, was employed to change the morphological characteristics of the oxide film. The concentration of the pore-widening solution was varied at 2, 4, 6, and 8 wt% and the process time was set at 30 and 60 minutes. As the concentration of the pore-widening solution increased the pore diameter of the oxide film increased. Notably, at 6 wt% for 60 minutes, the oxide film exhibited a coexistence of pillars and pores. Based on this, it was determined that surface roughness increased with higher concentration and longer process time. Additionally, the presence of pillars and pores structures maximized hydrophilicity. This study provides insights into enhancing the surface properties of titanium for improved performance in medical implants.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.210-225
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• 2004

Statement of problem: Implant screw loosening has been remained problem in restorative practices. Surface treatment of screw plays a role of preventing screw from loosening in implant screw mechanism. Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate surface characteristics of TiN and ZrN film ion plated screw with titanium and gold alloy screw and to evaluate wear resistance, surface roughness, and film adhesion on screw surface using various instruments. Material and methods : GoldTite screws and titanium screws provided by 3i (Implant Innovation, USA) and TorqTite screws or titanium screws by Steri-Oss (Nobel Biocare, USA) and gold screws and titanium screws by AVANA (Osstem Implant, korea) were selected. Ion plating which is much superior to other surface modification techniques was carried out for gold screws and titanium screws using Ti and Zr coating materials with nitrogen gas. Ion nitrided surface of each abutment screw was observed with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, micro-diamond scratch tester, vickers hardness tester, and surface roughness tester. Results : 1) The surface of gold screw and GoldTite is more smooth than ones of other kinds of non coated screw. 2) The ZrN and TiN coated surface is the more smooth than ones of other kinds of screw. 3) The hardness of TiN and ZrN coated surface showed higher than that of non coated surface. 4) The TiN coated titanium screw and ZrN coated gold screw have a good wear resistance and adhesion on the surface. 5) The surface of ZrN coated screw showed low surface roughness compared with the surface of TiN coated screw. Conclusion : It is considered that the TiN and ZrN coated screw which would prevent a screw from loosening can be applicable to implant system and confirmed that TiN and ZrN film act as lubricant on surface of screw due to decrease of friction for recycled tightening and loosening.