• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.93-99
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• 1968

The Present study attempted to analyze the fate of CO diffused into the circulating blood through the alveoli. Dogs were induced to CO poisoning by rebreathing CO gas mixture contained in Krog's spirometer, by closed circuit method, for 60 minutes. The spirometer was filled initially with 282 ml of CO and 20 liters of air and oxygen, so the composition of gases were arranged as 1.4% in CO and 50% in $O_2$ at the begining of the rebreathing. Oxygen was added corresponding to the utilization of $O_2$ by the animal in proceeding of the experiment. At 60th minutes of CO rebreathing, the concentration of CO in arterial blood and in mixed venous blood were analysed and compared with each other after the CO contents were corrected with the hematocrit measured in the arterial and mixed venous blood. The distribution of CO gas to other tissues was estimated by the analysis of CO diffused into the cystic bile and into the peritoneal gas pocket which was formed by injection of 300 ml air into the peritoneal cavity prior to the CO gas rebreathing. The blood volume was measured by dilution method using $^{51}Chromium$ tagged red cells. CO amount vanished in the animal body was calculated by subtraction of total CO content in blood stream and the CO remained in closed circuit breathing system from the CO amount given to the breathing system at the begining of the experiment. Results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The content of CO corrected by the hematocrit value was slightly less in mixed venous blood than in arterial blood. The amount of CO diffused into the cystic bile and into the peritoneal cavity was averaged to 0.1% and 0.4% of the CO amount in 100 ml of blood, respectively. 2. For 60 minutes of CO rebreathing, CO-hemoglobin saturation reached about 77% at the 60th minutes, CO amount vanished in the experimental animal averaged 36.1 ml/dog/hr., or 21% of the total CO volume in the blood stream. The average vanishing rate of CO during 60 minutes of CO rebreathing per kg of body weight was 2.71 ml/hr. Production of CO measured in ten dogs under hypoxic condition averaged 0.023 ml/kg/hr. The major part of the CO vanished in the dogs seemed to be oxidized to $CO_2$ by various tissues of the animal. The conclusion might be delivered as such oxidation of CO to $CO_2$ by animal tissues can play a role in part of the process of recovery and protection of animal from CO-poisoning.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.325-332
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• 2000

1998년 11월 18일에 $2.7{\times}2.7m$ 거리로 재식된 11년생 궁천조생온주 4주에 5 atom % 15N를 요소로 19.68 g 주-1의 N, $58kg\;ha^{-1}$의 $K_2O$을 시용하였고, 1999년 3월 22일에 104, 308, $62kg\;ha^{-1}$의 N, $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$를 6월 12일에 42 and $83kg\;ha^{-1}$의 N와, $K_2O$를 시용하여 재배한 후 1999년 6월 15일과 12월 8일에 각각 2주씩 굴취 해체하여 전질소 및 가을시용질소 함유량을 수체 부위별로 조사하였다. 과실, 잎줄기, 뿌리에의 전질소함유량의 분포비율은 6월 굴취 때에 각각 주당 전질소 총함유량(168.2g)의 11.9, 42.1, 29.7, 16.3%이었고, 12월 굴취 때에 각각 주당 전질소 총함유량 (169.8g)의 27.6, 36.4, 22.8. 13.1%이었다. 수체 질소 중 가을시용질소에서 유래된 질소의 비율은 두 굴취 시기 모두 새로 발생된 기관에서 현저히 높았다. 6월 굴취 때의 가을시용질소 회수율은 18.5%(3.63g 주-1)이었고, 주당 가을시용질소 총함유량의 21.1, 50.4, 21.5, 7.9%가 각각 과실 잎, 줄기, 뿌리에 분포되어 있었다. 12월 굴취 때의 가을시용질소 회수율은 17.0%(3.35g 주-1)이었고 가을시용질소 총함유량의 39.6, 40.5, 14.5, 5.3%가 각각 과실, 잎, 줄기, 뿌리에 분포되어 있다. 전질소에 비하여 두 시기 모두 가을시용질소에서 유래된 질소는 대사적으로 활발한 조직에 보다 많이 축적된 반면 오래된 조직에는 보다 적게 축적되었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.383-391
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• 1995

출산 전후의 황점볼락 및 조피볼락 어미의 뇌 조직에서 GtH 분비를 자극하는 신경호르몬으로 알려진 NPY를 검출하기 위해, 면역조직화학을 실시하고 뇌하수체내 GtH 분비세포의 활성을 서로 비교하였다. 두 어종 모두에서 뇌 조직중 NPY 양성반응을 나타내는 세포는 후각망울, 종뇌 및 중뇌에서, 신경섬유는 후각망울, 종뇌, 시각신경, 시상하부, 중뇌 및 시각엽에서 각각 관찰되었다. 뇌하수체내에서 NPY 양성반응을 나타내는 신경섬유는 성숙에 관계없이 두 어종 모두 앞원위부분의 AF 음성세포에 인접한 신경엽에 분포하였고, 성장 및 성숙기의 난모세포를 가진 어체에서는 앞원위부분의 신경엽과 중간원위부분의 GtH 분비세포에 인접한 신경엽에서 관찰되었다. 뇌하수체내의 GtH 분비세포는 출산전의 황점볼락 및 성숙기의 조피볼락 개체에서는 AF 염색성이 약했으나, 출산후 황점볼락 및 조피볼락의 GtH 분비세포는 출산전 및 성숙기에 비해 AF 염색성이 증가하였다. 두 어종에서 출산전 난소를 가진 개체들의 GtH 분비세포와 핵경의 크기는 출산후(황점볼락)이거나 출산 이후 휴지기의 난소를 가진 개체(조피볼락) 보다 유의하게 컸다(P<0.01).

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.225-233
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• 2003

방사선 치료 계획의 목적은 정상 조직 부근에서는 최소한의 방사선 조사가 되는 동안 병소에는 동일한 선량이 조사되는 것이다. 선형가속기를 이용한 정위적 방사선 수술시 단일한 구형의 선량분포는 병소에 대하여 균등한 선량분포를 이루고, 병소 내에는 70％ 이상의 고선량이 등선량 곡선내에 포함되면서 주위 정상조직에서는 급격히 낮은 선량을 가지게 한다. 또한 이와 같은 방법은 감마나이프를 이용한 정위적 방사선 수술의 경우와 비슷한 치료 계획을 나타낸다. 이처럼 정위적 방사선 수술시 이용되는 구형의 선량분포를 가지는 isocenter는 실제 방사선 수술 계획시 많은 시간과 경험을 바탕으로 수술 계획자에 의해 병소 내에 배치되어 진다. 본 연구는 효율적인 방사선 수술이 수행되도록 수술 계획시 구형 선량분포에 관여하는 빔관련 변수들을 고려하여 병소내 선량분포의 특성을 조사하였다. 이를 위해 불규칙한 형태의 병소를 직육면체형과 원통형으로 가정하여 비교하였고, 동일한 체적의 병소 모델에 대하여 빔관련 변수를 변화시켜 구형 선량분포를 이루는 isocenter들의 위치 및 콜리메이터의 크기를 달리하면서 병소 모델에 대한 선량 분포를 얻었다. 이때, 얻어진 선량분포 Dose Profile과 Dose Volume Histogram (DVH)으로 비교한 결과, 불규칙한 모양의 병소에 대하여 콜리메이터의 크기와 Isocenter의 개수, Isocenter의 간격 등의 빔관련 변수를 최적화함으로서 더 나은 고선량의 등선량 곡선(Isodose Curve)내에 병소를 포함시킬 수 있었다. 이러한 병소내 구형 선량 분포를 가지는 isocenter의 배치에 따른 특성들은 정위적 방사선 수술 계획시 더 효율적이면서, 빠른 수술 계획을 수립하는데 많은 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.517-534
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• 1997

It has been held that excessive mechanical forces to the osseous and soft tissues of the TMJ result in joint dysfunction. Understanding the stress pattern on TMJ is very important in TMJ research. But, it is very difficult to measure directly the biomechanical stress distribution in the TMJ when the mandible is loaded. Therefore, stress distribution in the TMJ during functional movement was studied through animal experiment or mathematical model. It was observed and compared the stress distribution occuring in the working and balancing condyle when lower right canine, lower right first molar and lower right second molar were clenched by the three dimensional finite element analysis. Also, stress distribution in the working and balancing condyles were observed and compared when $20^{\circ}$ forward and buccal bite forces were applied to the first molar. The results were as follows : 1. Stress distribution in the condyles during unilateral clenching of the first molar, second molar, canine showed no difference. In the working condyle, tensile force was concentrated on the lateral aspect of the condylar articular surface and condylar neck. And compressive force was concentrated on the anteromedial and lateral aspect of condyle. In the balancing condyle, tensile and compressive forces were concentrated on the lateral aspect of the condylar articular surface and stress transmission to the temporal bone was not observed. 2. When lateral forces were applied to the first molar, tensile forces were concentrated on the medial aspect of the condylar neck and condylar posterior surface in working and balancing condyle. Compressive force was concentrated on the anteromedial and lateral surface of the condyle and stress transmission to the temporal bone was not observed. 3. During unilateral clenching, stress in the working condyle decreased as the occlusal load moved posteriorly while the stress in the balancing condyle increased. when lateral force was applied to first molar, the incremental amount of stress was greater than vertical load. 4. During unilateral clenching, the average balancing/working condyle stress ratio was 2.52. There was a greater concentration of stress in the balancing condyle. The ratio increased as the occlusal load moved posteriorly and decreased considerably when lateral forces were applied to the first molar.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.217-223
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• 2014

본 연구에서 Phantom에 고 밀도 물질이 삽입 된 CT 영상을 재구성 하여 방사선 치료 계획 시 선량 분포에 대한 평가를 하고자 하였다. Gammex 467 Tissue Characterization Phantom을 사용하여 인체 조직과 유사한 영상을 획득하였고 Titanium을 삽입하여 금속물로 인한 인공허상을 발생시켜 영상을 획득하였다. 획득한 영상은 Metal Artifact Reduction for Orthopedic Implants (O-MAR)를 이용하여 영상을 재구성 하였고 전산화 치료계획 시스템을 이용하여 체적을 분석 하고 선량 분포를 추출하였다. $MapCHECK^{TM}$을 이용하여 선형가속기의 광자선 선량 분포를 측정하여 계획한 선량 분포와 비교 분석 하였다. 비교 분석 결과 Titanium으로 인한 인공허상이 발생 되었을 때 O-MAR를 적용한 체적은 BR-12 Breast는 16.8 % 그리고 LV 1 Liver는 40.2 % 증가하였고 선량 분포는 O-MAR를 적용하기 전의 선량 분포 보다 1.4 에서 1.6 % 높게 나타났다. 결론적으로 금속물로 발생된 인공허상 O-MAR를 적용하여 가능한 제거하고 치료계획에 이용해야 오류를 줄일 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.49-57
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• 1983

The distribution and Properties of branched chain amino acid aminotransferase (EC 2.6. 1.42) was investigated in adult Fasciola hepatica. Fascicla hepatica was fractionated by differential centrifugation into nuclear, mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions. The activity of branched chain amino acid aminotransferase was measured by the method of Ichihara and Koyama (1966) . Isozyme patterns of this enzyule was also examined by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The activity in homogenate was found to be 12.69 units/g wet tissue. The activity of this enzyme was relatively high compared with those in rat tissues. 2. The distribution of branched chain amino acid aminotransferase in the subcellular organelles showed that 87.8% of the activity was in cytosolic, 10.9% in mitochondrial and 1.3% was in nuclear fraction. 3. Cytosolic fraction of Fasciola hepatica contained Enzyme I, but not Enzyme II and III, of branched chain amino acid aminotransferase. Ensyme I was eluted by 50mM phosphate buffier from DEAE-cellulose column and catalyzed the transamination of all three branched chain amino acids. 4. The Enzyme I was purified about 22-folds increase in specific activity after chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. 5. The best substrate among three amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valise) was L-isoleucine. 6. The optimal temperature of Enzyme I was $45^{\circ}C$ and the optimal pH was 8.2. 7. The Km value for leucine of Enzyme I was 4.17 mM. 8. The Km values for a-ketoglutarate and pyridoxal phosphate of Enzyme I were 0.41mM and $4.76{\times}10^{-3}{\;}mM$, respectively.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.389-397
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• 2006

The beneficial effects of graduated compression stockings (GCS) in prophylaxis and treatment of venous disorders of human lower extremity have been recognized. However, their pressure functional performances are variable and unstable in practical applications, and the exact mechanisms of action remain controversial. Direct surface pressure measurements and indirect material properties testing are not enough for fully understanding the interaction between stocking and leg. A three dimensional (3D) biomechanical mathematical model for numerically simulating the interaction between leg and GCS in dynamic wear was developed based on the actual geometry of the female leg obtained from 3D reconstruction of MR images and the real size and mechanical properties of the compression stocking prototype. The biomechanical solid leg model consists of bones and soft tissues, and an orthotropic shell model is built for the stocking hose. The dynamic putting-on process is simulated by defining the contact of finite relative sliding between the two objects. The surface pressure magnitude and distribution along the different height levels of the leg and stress profiles of stockings were simulated. As well, their dynamic alterations with time processing were quantitatively analyzed. Through validation, the simulated results showed a reasonable agreement with the experimental measurements, and the simulated pressure gradient distribution from the ankle to the thigh (100:67:30) accorded with the advised criterion by the European committee for standardization. The developed model can be used to predict and visualize the dynamic pressure and stress performances exerted by compression stocking in wear, and to optimize the material mechanical properties in stocking design, thus, helping us understand mechanisms of compression action and improving medical functions of GCS.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.461-467
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• 2013

Nesfatin-1/NUCB2, which is associated with the control of appetite and energy metabolism, was reported for the first time to be expressed in the hypothalamus. However, recent studies have shown that nesfatin-1/NUCB2 was expressed not only in the hypothalamus, but also in various tissues including digestive and reproductive organs. We also demonstrated that nesfatin-1/NUCB2 was expressed in the reproductive organs, pituitary gland, heart, lung, and gastrointestinal tract of the adult mouse. However, little is known about nesfatin-1/NUCB2 expression in fetal and neonatal mice. Therefore, we examined here the distribution of nesfatin-1/NUCB2 in various organs of fetal and neonatal mice and compared them with the distribution in adult mice. As a result of immunohistochemical staining, nesfatin-1/NUCB2 protein was expressed relatively higher in the lung, kidney, heart, and liver compared to other organs in the fetus. Western blot results also showed that nesfatin-1/NUCB2 protein was detected in the lung, kidney, heart, and stomach. Next, we compared the expression levels of nesfatin-1/NUCB2 mRNA in the fetus and neonate with the expression levels in both male and female adult mice. The expression levels in heart, lung, stomach, and kidney were higher compared with other organs in fetal and neonatal mice and in both male and female adult mice. Interestingly, the expression of nesfatin-1/NUCB2 mRNA in the kidney was dramatically increased in male and female adult mice compared to fetal and neonatal mice. These results indicate that nesfatin-1/NUCB2 may regulate the development and physiological function of mouse organs. In the future, we need more study on the function of nesfatin-1/NUCB2, which is highly expressed in the heart, lung, and kidney during mouse development.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.1080-1087
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• 2008

Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) and CD14 protein play important roles in the defense against infection of Gram-negative bacteria. In the present study, tissue distribution and polymorphism of porcine LBP and CD14 genes were analyzed. Real-time PCR results showed that the porcine LBP gene was especially highly expressed in liver, while CD14 gene was highly expressed in liver and spleen tissues. A 1,732 bp cDNA fragment of porcine LBP gene and a 1,682 bp genomic DNA fragment of CD14 gene were isolated. Polymorphisms were identified in these two fragments and showed that there were 14 potential SNPs in the porcine LBP gene and 3 potential SNPs in the porcine CD14 gene. Three SNPs, 292G/A (Gly/Ser), 1168G/A (Ala/Thr) of the LBP gene and -61G/A of the CD14 gene, were genotyped using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. Association analyses indicated that polymorphism of the 292G/A locus was significantly associated with porcine immune traits hematocrit (HCT), IgG and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) (p<0.01), and the 1168G/A locus was significantly associated with HCT and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) traits (p<0.05). No significant association was found between the -61G/A locus and immune traits of the pig. Our data indicated that the LBP gene was significantly associated with immune traits of pig. Also, we identified some SNPs which may be useful markers for disease-resistant breeding of pigs.