• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.205-212
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• 2010

The effects of chromium (Cr), dietary crude protein (CP) level, and potential interactions of these two factors were investigated in term of energy metabolism in lambs. Forty-eight 9-week-old weaned lambs (Dorper${\times}$Small-tail Han sheep, male, mean initial body weight = 22.96 kg${\pm}$2.60 kg) were used in a 2${\times}$3 factorial arrangement of supplemental Cr (0 ${\mu}g$/kg, 400 $\mu{g}$/kg or 800 ${\mu}g$/kg from chromium yeast) and protein levels (low protein: 157 g/d to 171 g/d for each animal, or high protein: 189 g/d to 209 g/d for each animal). Blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of the feeding trial. The lambs were then sacrificed and tissue samples were frozen for further analysis. Chromium at 400 ${\mu}g$/kg decreased fasting insulin level and the ratio of plasma insulin to glucagon, but these differences were not statistically significant; in contrast, chromium at 800 ${\mu}g$/kg increased the ratio significantly (p<0.05). Protein at the high level increased plasma tumor necrosis factor $\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) level (p = 0.060). Liver glycogen content was increased significantly by Cr (p<0.05), which also increased liver glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) and adipose hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) activity. At 400 ${\mu}g$/kg, Cr increased muscle hexokinase (HK) activity. High protein significantly increased G-6-Pase activities in both the liver (p<0.05) and the kidney (p<0.05), but significantly decreased fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity in subcutaneous adipose tissue (p<0.05). For HSL activity in adipose tissue, a Cr${\times}$CP interaction (p<0.05) was observed. Overall, Cr improved energy metabolism, primarily by promoting the glycolytic rate and lipolytic processes, and these regulations were implemented mainly through the modulation by Cr of the insulin signal transduction system. High protein improved gluconeogenesis in both liver and kidney. The interaction of Cr${\times}$CP indicated that 400 $\mu{g}$/kg Cr could reduce energy consumption in situations where energy was being conserved, but could improve energy utilization when metabolic rate was increased.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.134-138
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• 1997

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of phosphorus deficiency on nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis of nitrogen fixing soybean plant under $CO_2$ enrichment condition. The soybean plants(Glycine max [L.] Merr.) inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum MN 110 were grown with P-stressed(0.05 mM-P) and control(1 mM-P) treatment under control$(400\;{\mu}l/L\;CO_2)$ and enrichment$(800\;{\mu}l/L\;CO_2)$ enviromental condition in the phytotron equipped with high density lamp$(1000\;{\mu}Em^{-2}S^{-1})$ and $28/22^{\circ}C$ temperature cycle for 35 days after transplanting(DAT). At 35 DAT, phosphorus deficiency decreased total dry mass by 64% in $CO_2$ enrichment condition, and 51% in control $CO_2$ condition. Total leaf area was reduced significantly by phosphorus deficiency in control and enriched $CO_2$ condition but specific leaf weight was increased by P deficiency. Phosphorus deficiency significantly reduced photosynthetic rate(carbon exchange rate) and internal $CO_2$ concentration in leaf in both $CO_2$ treatments, but the degree of stress was more severe under $CO_2$ enrichment condition than under control $CO_2$ environmental condition. In phosphorus sufficient plants, $CO_2$ enrichment increased nodule fresh weight and total nitrogenase activity(acetylene reduction) of nodule by 30% and 41% respectively, but specific nitrogenase activity of nodule and nodule fresh weight was not affected by $CO_2$ enrichment in phosphorus deficient plant at 35 DAT. Total nitrogen concentrations in stem, root and nodule tissue were significantly higher in phosphorus sufficient plant grown under $CO_2$ enrichment, but nitrogen concentration in leaf was reduced by 30% under $CO_2$ enrichment. These results indicate that increasing $CO_2$ concentration does not affect plant growth under phosphorus deficient condition and phosphorus stress might inhibit carbohydrate utilization in whole plant and that $CO_2$ enrichment could not increase nodule formation and functioning under phosphorus deficient conditions and phosphorus has more important roles in nodule growth and functioning under $CO_2$ enrichment environments than under ambient condition.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.393-399
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• 2008

Purpose: Chronic infected wounds sustained over 4 weeks with exposed tendon or bone are difficult challenges to plastic surgeons. Vacuum assisted closure (VAC) device has been well used for the management of chronic wounds diminishing wound edema, reducing bacterial colonization, promoting formation of granulation tissue and local blood flow by negative pressure to wounds. But Commercial ready-made VAC device might have some difficulties to use because of its high expenses and heavy weight. So we modified traditional VAC device with silver dressing materials as topical therapeutic agents for control of superimposed bacterial wound infection such as MRSA, MRSE and peudomonas. Methods: We designed the modified VAC device using wall suction, 400 cc Hemovac and combined slow release silver dressing materials. We compared 5 consecutive patients' data treated by commercial ready-made VAC device(Group A) with 11 consecutive patients' data treated by modified VAC device combined with silver dressing materials(group B) from September 2004 to June 2007. Granulation tissue growth, wound discharge, wound culture and wound dressing expenses were compared between the two groups. Results: In comparison of results, no statistical differences were identified in reducing rate of wound size between group A and B. Wound discharge was significantly decreased in both groups. Modified VAC device with silver dressing materials showed advantages of convenience, cost effectiveness and bacterial reversion. Conclusion: In combination of modified VAC device and silver dressing materials, our results demonstrated the usefulness of managing chronic open wounds superimposed bacterial infection, cost effectiveness compared with traditional VAC device and improvement of patient mobility.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.111-122
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• 2015

Objectives: Schizandrae fructus (Schizandra chinensis) is one of very common herbs, it is known as natural antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agent. Also some reports show that its extract works to regulate of dyslipidemia. This study was designed to investigate the effects of Schizandrae fructus chloroform fraction (SFCF) on serum lipid levels in dyslipidemic mice. Methods: The levels of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglyceride, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), fasting blood glucose in serum were measured. Histopathological and gene expression changes in liver tissue were also observed. Results: Oral administration of SFCF lowered levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride, which were elevated by high-fat diet. But SFCF did not affect on weight changes and serum AST, ALT levels in dyslipidemic mice. After carrying out gene ontological analysis, large numbers of genes in high-fat diet group were up-(347) or down-regulated (235). In SFCF treated mice, some changed expression of the genes was restored to normal levels, with a recovery rate of 17%. And it seems that fatty acid biosynthesis pathway was one of important key pathways to recovery. Conclusions: SFCF has beneficial effect on dyslipidemia, and could be used to prevent and treat cardiovascular disease.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.15 no.4 s.57
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• pp.89-96
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• 2006

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner is the device to draw an image of conditions and the spread of various tissue in the body. It is used by making the patient into rounded superconductor and using high frequency which cause resonances. It uses superconduction magnet and high frequency that is non-ionizing radiation so can acquire biochemical, physical, and functional information of tissue. It is also very useful because it can scan tomography from many different angles to diagnose disease of a nervous system, the heart, and a skeletal structure. It also has advantages of that there is no risk of radiation exposure and the ability of observation on organizations such as brains, livers and the spinal cord of people. Since these features, the rate of use has been increased accordingly more considerations of the security are required when it plans. The weight of devices and the cover problem of the strong magnetic field which is occurred by magnetic resonance at the time of diagnosis can cause very important structure problems and architectural condition. That also the recent tendency which needs stronger equipment means that planning of the MRI unit should generally aim at purposing of the proximity for the device maintenance and up-grade and of further expansion. However there are not enough studies and data on the magnet resonance imaging in domestic hospitals. According to these reasons, this study has an object of indicating basic data on MRI unit plan standard and alternative proposals.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.1766-1775
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• 2021

Objective: The oxidative stress status and changes of chicken ovary tissue after shading were studied, to determine the mechanism of the effect of shading on follicular development. Methods: Twenty healthy laying hens (40 weeks old) with uniform body weight and the same laying rate were randomly divided into two groups (the shading group and normal light group). In the shading group, the cage was covered to reduce the light intensity inside the cage to 0 without affecting ventilation or food intake. The normal lighting group received no additional treatment. After 7 days of shading, oxidative stress related indicators and gene expression were detected. Results: Analysis of paraffin and ultrathin sections showed that apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) increased significantly after light shading. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay results revealed that the levels of total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione, catalase (CAT), and other substances in the sera, livers, ovaries, and follicular GCs of laying hens increased significantly after shading for 7 days; and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the livers of laying hens also increased significantly. ROS in the serum, ovarian and GCs also increased. After shading for 7 days, the levels of 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine in the sera and ovarian tissues of laying hens increased significantly. Cell counting kit-8 detection showed that the proliferation activity of GCs in layer follicles decreased after shading for 7 days; the expression level of the anti-apoptotic gene B-cell lymphoma-2 in ovarian tissue and follicular GCs was significantly reduced, and the expression levels of pro-apoptotic caspase 3 (casp3), and SOD, glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2), and CAT were all significantly increased. Conclusion: Oxidative stress induced by shading light has a serious inhibitory effect on follicular development during reproduction in laying hens.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.275-282
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• 2022

Background: Stroke is a neurological disorder characterized by brain tissue damage following a decrease in oxygen supply to brain due to blocked blood vessels. Reportedly, 80% of all stroke cases are classified as cerebral infarction, and the incidence rate of this condition increases with age. Herein, we compared the efficacies of Korean White ginseng (WG) and Korean Red Ginseng (RG) extracts (WGex and RGex, respectively) in an ischemic stroke mouse model and confirmed the underlying mechanisms of action. Methods: Mice were orally administered WGex or RGex 1 h before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), for 2 h; the size of the infarct area was measured 24 h after MCAO induction. Then, the neurological deficit score was evaluated and the efficacies of the two extracts were compared. Finally, their mechanisms of action were confirmed with tissue staining and protein quantification. Results: In the MCAO-induced ischemic stroke mouse model, WGex and RGex showed neuroprotective effects in the cortical region, with RGex demonstrating superior efficacy than WGex. Ginsenoside Rg1, a representative indicator substance, was not involved in mediating the effects of WGex and RGex. Conclusion: WGex and RGex could alleviate the brain injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion, with RGex showing a more potent effect. At 1,000 mg/kg body weight, only RGex reduced cerebral infarction and edema, and both anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways were involved in mediating these effects.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 1974

The object of this research is aimed to determine the activity of adenyl cyclase in both skeletal muscle sarcolemma and fat cell ghost of epididymal adipose tissue isolated from rats exposed to cold for various length of time in an attempt to evaluate whether the tissue sensitivity to catecholamine is increased when rats are exposed to cold for long periods of time Methods: a)Animals: Albino rats ranging in weight from 150 to 200 gm were used throughout this study. For experimental purposes, the rats are divided into two groups: experimental animals were place4 in a cold room at $4^{\circ}C$, controls being kept at $25^{\circ}C$. At the end of 2, 4, 6, 12, and 16 weeks. exposure to cold the rats were used to measure the adenyl cyclase activity. b) Isolation of plasma membrane from skeletal muscle and adipose tissue: The Plasma membrane of skeletal muscle from hind limbs of rats are prepared by the method employed by Rosenthal et at. and fat cell ghost of epididymal adipose tissue of rats by the method employed by Rodbell. c) Adenyl cyclase assay: Adenyl cyclase activity were measured by the method employed by Marinetti et al. Briefly, plasma membrane was incubated with $3^H-ATP$, various amount of noradrenaline and other incubation mixture at $37^{\circ}C$ for 20 minutes. After stopping the enzyme reaction by immersion in boiling water, carrier 3',5'-AMP was added to the system as a marker and $100\;{\mu}1$ aliquots of incubation mixture were pipetted on $20{\time}20$ Whatman No. 3 MM filter paper for one dimensional chromatography. The cyclic AMP spots were cut off and placed in counting vials containing 10ml of Bray's scintillation cocktail. Radioactivity was determined with a Packard Tri-Carb liquid scintillation counter. The enzyme activity is expressed as nanomoles of cyclic AMP produced per mg of membrane per hour. Result: 1. Average adenyl cyclase activity in the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle before and after noradrenaline administration was significantly higher in the cold-exposed rats as compared to the control. Continuous exposure to cold Produced an increased adenyl cyclase activity before and after noradrenaline administration. Adenyl cyclase activity reached peak levels at the 6 weeks exposure to told and level of adenyl cyclase activity remained high. Noradrenaline administration to the incubation medium induced a significant increase in adenyl cyclase activity and the degree of stimulation were proportional to the hormonal concentration But the rate of inclement in adenyl cyclase activity by noradreasline was the same in both groups. 2. Adenyl cyclase activity in fat cell ghost between cold exposed and control rats showed no significant differences before and after noradreualine administration. In summary, it can be concluded that cold adaptation give rise an increased activity of adenyl cyclase in plasma membrane of skeletal muscle in rats.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 1995

The radial forearm flap was first designed at the Ba-Ba Chung Hospital of People's Republic of China in 1978. The flap consists of the skin of the volar surface of the forearm, the subcutaneous fat, the underlying fascia, and the intramuscular fascia which includes the radial vessels. It is very useful flap in soft tissue coverage of skin defects of the upper and lower extremities. The authors have reported 13 cases of forearm free flap treated in the Korea University Hospital from January 1991 to Jun 1995 with a review of literature. The results were as follows. 1. We had good results in soft tissue coverage for all patients 2. The average size of flaps was $54cm^2$ and the average ischemic time of flaps was 74minutes. 3. The postoprative complication was occurred in three of 13 cases, two of three cases were arterial thrombosis treated with thrombectomy in postoperative 2 days, and one case was venous thrombosis resulted in superficial necrosis of the flap treated with STSG. 4. Forearm free flap with sensory innervation is a good donor site for reconstruction of weight-bearing areas of heel and sole. 5 The forearm free flap is suitable for soft tissue coverage of the upper and lower extremities, and can be used by skillful microsurgeon with high success rate.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.643-650
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• 1996

A long term feeding trial was conducted to study the effects of different dietary vitamin C levels on growth and its tissue distributions in juvenile Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. Prior to the start of feeding trial, fish were fed the basal diet supplementing no L-ascorbic acid for four weeks to minimize their body reserves of vitamin C. Then fish were divided into six groups with triplicates and given one of the laboratory semipurified diets supplementing either 0, 25, 50, 75, 150, or 1500 mg L-ascovbic acid (AA)/kg diet $(C_0,\;C_{25},\;C_{50},\;C_{75},\;C_{150},\;&\;C_{1500})$. Fish fed the $C_0$ diet had lower percent weight gain, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio than did fish fed the other diets (P<0.05). After 28 weeks of feeding trial, tissue AA concentrations of fish fed $C_0$ diet were lower than those of fish fed $C_{1500}$ diet (P<0.05). A large amount of total tissue Ah may be reserved in muscle, but the unit AA concentration seemed to be higher in brain than did the other tissues. The growth performances of fish fed $C_{25}$ diet were not different compared to those of fish fed $C_{50}-C_{1500}$ diets (P>0.05), and diet analysis of vitamin C showed that the $C_{25}$ diet had 65 mg AA/kg diet. Therefore, the present long-term study may suggest that the dietary vitamin C requirement is approximately 65 mg AA/kg diet in juvenile Korean rockfish.