• Toxicological Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.187-194
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• 2001

The oxidative stress causes the cell damage and death and thereby, stimulates membrane lipid peroxidation. In this study, the correlation between the lipid peroxidation product and the parameter of liver fibrosis (cirrhosis) was investigated in cholestasis induced rats. The Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups (sham: sham operation, BDL/S-I and BDL/S-II : bile duct ligation/scission) and were observed for 2 or 4 weeks. After observation period, the organs were weighed and the ratio of organ weight/body weight was calculated. Sera and liver tissue were used for the measurement of malondealdehyde (MDA), parameter of clinical biochemistry, total collagen content and the staining. The ratio of organ weight/body weight in BDL/S-I and BDL/S-II was significantly increased compared to sham operated group. Serological parameters (Alanine transaminase, Aspartate transaminase, Alkaline phosphatase and Total bilirubin) in BDL/S-I and BDL/S-II group were significantly higher than those in sham operated group. Concentration of MDA in BDL/S-I (261%) and BDL/S-II(790%) was significantly increased compared to MDA in sham operated group. And the content of hydroxyproline (hyp) in BDL/S-I and BDL/S-II group was significantly increased 2~4 times than in sham operated group. The good correlations between hyp in liver tissue and MDA in sera of sham operated group and all operated group were found (r=0.825). The significantly higher value of MDA, hyp and serological parameters in BDL/S-I and BDL/S-II group suggests the stimulation of lipid peroxidation and chronic liver damage. Especially the activation of lipid peroxidation and the stimulation of liver fibrosis was stronger in BDL/S-II group than in BDL/S-I group. The stronger fibrosis, portal-portal septum formation, the more massive bile duct proliferation in portal triads and stroma, and hepatocytes swelling were observed in liver tissue of and BDL/S-II group compared to BDL/S-I group. Conclusively, a good correlation between MDA as a lipid peroxidation marker and hyp as a liver fibrotic parameter could be connected with the process of liver fibrosis. Moreover, cholestasis condition may cause jaundice, activation of lipid peroxidation, and collagen accumulation in liver. Additionally, optimal observation period of bile duct obstruction for the screening of antioxidant and antifibrotic effect in rats would be four weeks.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.960-963
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the different type of exercise training on the changes of blood variables and leptin in SD rats. For this study, SD rats were divided into three groups: control group (CG: n=10), swim trained group (SG: n=10), and treadmill trained group (TG: n=10). The animals were housed in a pathogen-free animal facility ($22-24^{\circ}C$, 50-60% relative humidity, 08:00-20:00 lighting hours) at D university animal center, Pusan, Korea). Food and water were available ad libitum. The trained rats underwent a 8-wk endurance swim training (5 times/wk) in water at $26-29^{\circ}C$ (SG) and treadmill training (5 times/wk) in DAEJONG treadmill for 60 min. All data were expressed as mean and standard deviation by using SPSS package program (ver 10.0). The result through the statistical analysis of this data were summarized as follows: 1. In the weight changes, there were significant differences among CG, SG and TG(p<.05) after regular swim and treadmill training. TG showed the lowest weight than the other groups. 2. In the epididymal & perirenal adipose tissue levels, there were significant differences among CG, SG and TG(p<.05) after regular swim and treadmill training. TG showed the lowest adipose tissue levels than the other groups. 3. In the triglyceride changes, For the SG and TG, there were significantly decreased after regular swim and treadmill training. TG showed the lowest triglyceride levels than the other groups. 4. In the insulin hormone, For the SG and TG, there were significantly decreased after regular swim and treadmill training. TG showed the lowest insulin levels than the other groups. 5. In the leptin changes, For the SG and TG, there were significantly decreased after regular swim and treadmill training. TG was the lowest than the other groups. Based on the results, Regular swim and treadmill training decrease body weight, epididymal & perirenal adipose tissue levels significantly, this is caused but by decreased triglycerides, insulin, and leptin hormone levels not by the other factors. Regular treadmill training decreased insulin hormone levels compare to swim training, however there was no direct insulin effect on the weight changes. and it might be the direct effect of leptin hormones.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.75-85
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose on this study is to show the anti-obesity effect of Eugenia caryophyllata $T_{HUNB.}$ pharmacopuncture in mice fed a high fat diet. Methods : Male ICR mice were divided into three groups, which were fed a normal AIN diet(N), a high fat diet(CT), a high fat diet and injected with 50 mg/kg of Eugenia caryophyllata $T_{HUM.}$ pharmacopuncture(EC) for 8 weeks. Results : 1. The levels of body weight gains were significantly increased in CT compared with N and decreased in EC compared with CT. 2. The levels of absolute liver weight and adipose-tissue weight were significantly decreased in EC compared with CT. The levels of relative adipose-tissue weight were significantly decreased in EC compared with CT. 3. The levels of total cholesterol(TG), triglycerid(TC), high density lipoprotein(HDL) cholesterol and low density lipoprotein(LDL) cholesterol were significantly increased in CT compared with N and decreased in EC compared with CT. The levels of HDL/LDL ratio were shown there were no significant differences in all groups. 4. The levels of adiponectin in serum were remarkably decreased in CT compared with N and significantly increased in EC compared with CT. 5. The levels of measuring adipocyte number in adipose tissue was significantly decreased in CT compared with N and increased in EC compared with CT. Conclusions : These results suggest that Eugenia Caryophyllata $T_{HUNB.}$ has an anti-obesity effect in mice and that the effect is mediated by inhibition of fat gain.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.392-399
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of molybden (Mo) concentrations in fertilizer solution on the growth of and nutrient uptake by domestically bred strawberries. Tissue analysis based on the dry weight was also conducted to determine the threshold levels in plants when Mo toxicity developed in strawberries. The leaf chlorophyll contents decreased lineally as Mo concentrations in the fertilizer solution were elevated. The differences among treatments in chlorophyll contents were statistically significant. The fresh and dry weights decreased significantly when the Mo concentrations in fertilizer solution were higher than 3.0 mM in 'Keumhyang' and 'Maehyang' strawberries and 1.0 mM in 'Seolhyang' strawberry. The elevation of Mo concentrations in fertilizer solution resulted in severe toxicity and crops developed the unique symptoms. The margin of older leaves became yellow and desiccated. Then, the margin of leaf blade rapidly became bronze colored and died as the symptoms spread up the plants. The interveinal area of the young leaves became yellowing. The elevation of Mo concentrations in fertilizer solution did not influence the tissue P, K, and Mg contents based on the dry weight. The tissue Ca contents were higher in 1.0 mM treatment than other treatments of 'Keumhyang' and 'Seolhyang' strawberries. The tissue Mo contents based on the dry weight of 'Keumhyang', 'Maehyang', and 'Seolyahng' strawberries were 76.5, 104.0, and 187.3 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, respectively, in the 0.25 mM treatments and 4,155, 5,367, and 2,190 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, respectively, in the 4.0 mM treatments. The contents increased lineally as Mo concentrations in fertilizer solution were elevated. When the concentration of Mo at which growth of crops were retarded by 10% is regarded as threshold level, the Mo contents based on dry weight of above ground plant tissue should be lower than 653.4, 686.2, and 589.7 $mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, in 'Keumhyang', 'Maehyang', and 'Seolyahng' strawberries, respectively.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.78-85
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• 1994

Sodium arsenite ($NaAsO_2$) was injected to the rat subcutaneously for the study of the acute toxicity of arsenite on hepatocytes, and the effects of pretreatment of arsenite and glutathione on the lethalty of the arsenite treated rats. Arsenite treated rat hepatocytes showed vacuolated cytosol and shrinked nuclear and expanded perinuclear space and cytoplasmic membrane whirl. Rats pretreated with BSO (L-Buthionine-SR-Sulfoximine), less survived than arsenite treated alone. It means that glutathione acts as a protecting agent against the arsenite. Subcutaneous sublethal dose (10mg/kg body weight) treatment was showed the protecting activity to lethality of lethal dose (15mg/kg body weight) treated rat. 10mg/kg body weight sublethal dose effects appeared in six hours intervals of between treatments.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2013

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of a rice-based diet on body weight and serum lipid levels. Thirty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups and fed a high-fat diet (HFD), rice-based diet (RD), or bread-based diet (BD) for five weeks. Our results showed that the RD group had a significantly lower final body weight, although there was no significant difference in daily food intake among the groups. There was a reduction in body weight gains, adipose tissues weight, and adipocyte size of epididymal adipose tissue in the RD group (p<0.05). Also, serum triglycerides and total cholesterol in the RD group were significantly decreased compared to the BD group. RD also reduced fasting glucose and insulin levels. These results indicate that the intake of RD attenuates increases in body weight and serum lipid concentrations in mice, suggesting its benefits for the dietary control of obesity and hyperlipidemia.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.359-366
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• 2004

Iron (Fe) is an essential metal in biological processes, which maintains a homeostasis in the human body. Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) has been known as an iron transporting membrane protein, which is involved in the uptake Fe at the apical portion of intestinal epithelium, and may transport Fe across the membrane of acidified endosome in peripheral tissues. In this study, we studied the tissue distribution of DMT1 in the Fe supplemented (FeS) diet fed rats, and the regulation of DMT1 expression by depleting body Fe. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups, and fed FeS (120 mg Fe/kg) diet or Fe deficient (FeD, 2∼6 mg Fe/kg) diet for 4 weeks. The evaluation of body Fe status was monitored by measuring sFe, UIBC and tissue Fe concentration. Additionally, DMT1 mRNA levels were analyzed in the peripheral tissues by using the quantitative real time RT-PCR method. In the FeS diet fed rats, the tissue Fe was maintained at a relatively high level, and DMT1 was eventually expressed in all tissues studied. DMT1 was highly expressed in the testis, kidney and spleen, while a moderate levels of DMT1 expression was detected in the brain, liver and heart. In the digestive system, the highest level of DMT1 was found in the duodenum. Feeding the FeD diet caused a reduced body weight gain and depletion of body Fe with finding of decreased sFe, increased UIBC and decreased tissue Fe concentration. The depletion of body Fe upregulated DMT1 expression in the peripheral tissue. The expression of DMT1 was very sensitive to the body Fe depletion in the small intestine, especially in the duodenum, showing dramatically higher levels in the FeD rats than those of the FeS group. In the FeD diet fed animals, the expression of DMT1 was low significantly in other tissues compared with the duodenum. The expression of DMT1, however, was 60∼120% higher in the testis, kidney and spleen, and 30∼50% higher in the lung, liver and heart, compared to the FeS diet fed rats. In summary, DMT1 expression was ubiquitous in mammalian tissue, and the level of expression was the organ-dependent. The expression of DMT1 in peripheral tissues was upregulated by depletion of body Fe. Duodenum was the most sensitive tissue among organs studied during Fe depletion, and expressed the greatest level of DMT1, while other tissues were less higher than in duodenum. This study supports that DMT1 plays a role in maintaining the body Fe level through intestinal uptake as well as homeostasis of Fe in the peripheral tissue.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of visualizing soft tissue lesions and vascular structures using contrast-enhanced cone-beam computed tomography (CE-CBCT) after the intravenous administration of a contrast medium in an animal model. Materials and Methods: CBCT was performed on six rabbits after a contrast medium was administered using an injection dose of 2 mL/kg body weight and an injection rate of 1 mL/s via the ear vein or femoral vein under general anesthesia. Artificial soft tissue lesions were created through the transplantation of autologous fatty tissue into the salivary gland. Volume rendering reconstruction, maximum intensity projection, and multiplanar reconstruction images were reconstructed and evaluated in order to visualize soft tissue contrast and vascular structures. Results: The contrast enhancement of soft tissue was possible using all contrast medium injection parameters. An adequate contrast medium injection parameter for facilitating effective CE-CBCT was a 5-mL injection before exposure combined with a continuous 5-mL injection during scanning. Artificial soft tissue lesions were successfully created in the animals. The CE-CBCT images demonstrated adequate opacification of the soft tissues and vascular structures. Conclusion: Despite limited soft tissue resolution, the opacification of vascular structures was observed and artificial soft tissue lesions were visualized with sufficient contrast to the surrounding structures. The vascular structures and soft tissue lesions appeared well delineated in the CE-CBCT images, which was probably due to the superior spatial resolution of CE-CBCT compared to other techniques, such as multislice computed tomography.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.597-607
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• 1996

This study has been investigated the potenial of increased dietary cysteine to alter the effects of cadmium and lead on tissure and bone metal concentrations, excretion and tissue metallothionein(MT) concentrations. Fifty-four male rats of Sprgue-Dawley strain weighing 149$\pm$17g were divided into 9 groups according to body weight. Nine experimental diets with different cadmium (0ppm, 400ppm), lead(0ppm, 710ppm) and cysteine (0.06%, 0.45%, 0.90%) levels were given to rats for 30 days ; Food intake, weight gain, F.E.R, and weights of liver, kidney and femur were decreased in cadmium supplied groups than in cadmium free groups. Urinary and fecal cadmium excretions were increased and MT synthesis we induced in liver, kidney and small intestine in cadmium supplied groups. In lead supplied groups, weight gain and F.E.R were decreased. With cysteine supplementation in cadmium supplied groups, weight gain and F.E.R, and weights of liver, kidney and femur were increased. Cadmium excretion in feces and MT concentrations in liver and kidney were also increased with cysteine supplementation. In lead supplied groups, there was no significant increase in food intake, weight gain and F.E.R with cysteine supplementation. Lead excretion in feces was increased in cysteine supplemented groups. In conclusion, effect of cadmium administration was more toxic than lead adminstration. Cysteine alleviated cadmium and lead toxicity by increasing metallothionein concentration and fecal excretions of heavy metals. Especially, effect of cysteine supplementation was more effective in cadmium groups than in lead groups. Effect of cysteine supplementation was not different with level of cysteine supplementation in both cadmium and lead groups.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 1997

The influence of (-0-Hydroxycitrate(HCA), shown to be a competitive inhibitor of adenosine 5-triphosphate(ATP) citrate lyase, on food intake and body weight, serum triglyceride and cholosterol level, in vivo rates of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis, and fat cell number and size was investigated. 3 groups of female, 5 weeks old Sprague Dawley rats, 8 animals each, were ad libitum meal-fed or pair-fed(3 hours from 10 : 00 to 13 : 00) AIN based high glucose diet for a total period of 8 weeks. Providing normolipidemic rats orally with 400mg of HCA formula containing approximately 20mg of HCA 1 hour prior to daily feeding schedule significantly depressed in vivo hepatic rates of fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in the liver and adipose tissue. Serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels were significantly reduced by HCA. At the end of treatment period, the rats administered with HCA resulted in a significantly reduction in body weight gain. The reduction in weights was attributable to a significant decrease in fat cell size with a smaller extent, but not significant, reduction in fat cell number. Rats receiving HCA demonstrated less food intake than the controls ; however, this decreased caloric intake was not fully responsible for the HCA induced depression of hepatic and adipocytic lipogenesis, since experiment using pair-fed cojntrol rats showed, less magnitude but similar results. Both a anorectic and an antilipogenic properties of HCA seem to be responsible for this weight reduction activity of HCA. The outcome of this study suggest that metabolic regulation may be a feasible approach to the control of obesity and hyperlipidemia.