• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.271-278
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• 1998

Folate coenzymes are involved in one-carbon transfer reactions needed for the synthesis of nucleic acids, amino acids, and proteins which are very important for cell proliferation and differentiation. To investigate the effects of dietary folate content on plasma and tissue folate concentrations and on folate excretions in urine and feces, male Sprague-Dawley rats were raised for 4-10 weeks on semi-purified experimental diets containing 0mg, 2 mg, 8mg folate/kg diet. Folate concentrations were determined microbiologically using Lactobacillius casei (ATCC 7469). When compared to the folate adequate diet, the folate deficient diet decreased folate levels in plasma, liver and kidney , and the values were further decreased with experimental period. In rats reviving folate supplemented diets, plasma , liver and kidney folate adequate or supplemented diets, folate concentrations weer increased compared to animals on the folate adequate diet. In the folate adequate or supplemented diets, folate concentrations in the plasma and kidney were maintained at essentially the same level for 10 weeks . Folate concentrations in the liver, however, continued to increase with experimental period. Dietary folate intake seems to influence plasma and liver folate concentrations more than kidney folate concentrations. Folate excretions unrine and feces were significantly increased with dietary foalte intakes and experimental period. Folate excreted via urine was consideerably greater than that via feces. These resutls indicated that the foate supplemented diet improved plasma and tissue foalte status. Whether folate supplmentation improves foalte-dependent reactions remains to be researched.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.625-631
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a high cholesterol (HC) dietary challenge on cholesterol tissue accumulation, inflammation, adipocyte differentiation, and macrophage infiltration in guinea pigs. A second objective was to assess whether macronutrient manipulation would reverse these metabolic alterations. MATERIALS/METHODS: Male Hartley guinea pigs (10/group) were assigned to either low cholesterol (LC) (0.04g/100g) or high cholesterol (HC) (0.25g/100g) diets for six weeks. For the second experiment, 20 guinea pigs were fed the HC diet for six weeks and then assigned to either a low carbohydrate (CHO) diet (L-CHO) (10% energy from CHO) or a high CHO diet (H-CHO) (54% CHO) for an additional six weeks. RESULTS: Higher concentrations of total (P < 0.005) and free (P < 0.05) cholesterol were observed in both adipose tissue and aortas of guinea pigs fed the HC compared to those in the LC group. In addition, higher concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the adipose tissue (P < 0.005) and lower concentrations of anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-10 were observed in the HC group (P < 0.05) compared to the LC group. Of particular interest, adipocytes in the HC group were smaller in size (P < 0.05) and showed increased macrophage infiltration compared to the LC group. When compared to the H-CHO group, lower concentrations of cholesterol in both adipose and aortas as well as lower concentrations of inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue were observed in the L-CHO group (P < 0.05). In addition, guinea pigs fed the L-CHO exhibited larger adipose cells and lower macrophage infiltration compared to the H-CHO group. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study strongly suggest that HC induces metabolic dysregulation associated with inflammation in adipose tissue and that L-CHO is more effective than H-CHO in attenuating these detrimental effects.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 1987

In the present study, hormonal changes in uterine tissue and circulation were evaluated during the implantation period in rats in order to understand the mechanism by which implantation takes place. The results obtained were as follows. 1. Concentrations of serum estradiol and progesterone were significantly increased on days 4 and 5. 2. Concentration of estrogen receptor reached maximum on day 5 when implantation normally occurred in rats. On the other hand, progesterone receptor was gradually decreased, reaching the lowest on day 5. 3. Uterine PGs and cAMP concentrations were significantly increased on day 5. 4. Uterine PGs and cAMP concentrations in implant sites were significantly greater than those in non-implant sites. It is, therefore, concluded that prostaglandins and cAMP in uterine tissue as well as circulating ovarian steroid hormones were increased during the period of implantation, suggesting that these hormones might be actively involved in the process of implantation in rats.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.274-280
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• 2002

The fluoroquinolones have been reported to cause, although at low frequency, severe phototoxicity which is due to singlet oxygen produced by ultraviolet-A (UVA; 320-400 nm) exposure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phototoxicity based on plasma and tissue concentrations of commonly prescribed fluoroquinolones; lomefloxacin (LFLX), enoxacin (ENX), ofloxacin (OFLX), and ciprofloxacin (CPFX). The phototoxic potentials were investigated by measuring increments in ear thickness, 24 hrs after these fluoroquinolones were orally administered to Balb/c mice, which they were exposed to UVA 17.5 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ for 2 hrs following drug administration. The fifty percent ear thickness increment-inducing doses ($ETID_{50}$), determined by single ascending dosing of each fluoroquinolone to mice, were calculated to be 50(LMFX), 250(ENX), 770(OFLX), 1100(CPFX) mg/kg. Post the administration of ETID$_{50}$, drug concentrations in plasma and ear tissue were measured at specified times and phototoxicities were quantified. Both peak plasma ($\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) and ear tissue ($\mu\textrm{g}$/g) concentrations were summarized as follows; 7.3/1.4 for LMFX, 15.0/1.6 for ENX, 90.1/18.4 for OFLX and 87.2/3.7 for CPFX. The degree of photo toxicity was more relevant to plasma concentrations than tissue concentrations. In order to assess the effect of irradiation time after drug administration on phototoxicity, the 2 hr UVA irradiation was given at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 5 hr after administering $ETID_{50}$, respectively and photo toxicities were evaluated. The shorter inteval between dosing and UVA exposure was, the higher risk of phototoxicity was produced.d.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.107-111
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• 1990

Ginseng root explants and calli were cultured on modified Murashine and Skoog's media supplemented with different concentrations of organic or inorganic compounds and plant growth requlators to clarify the effects of chemical compositon and plant growth regulators in the medium on the growth of ginseng calli and the production of ginseng saponin. For optimum growth of ginseng calli, the concentrations of 2, 4-D and sucrose were in the range of 1 to 5 mg/l and 1 to 3%, respectively. And it was clarified that sucrose, nitrogen, phosphate, calcium, magnesium, plant growth regulators and their concentrations influcenced the relative biosynthesis of saponin in tissue cultures of Panax ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2009

The effects of a hypocaloric diet with or without strength training on body fat distribution and serum lipid concentrations in obese elderly women were investigated. Twenty-six healthy women (age 66±4.6 yr; body mass index 32.3±2.9 kg/m²) were randomly assigned to 3 groups: control (C; n=8), hypocaloric diet (DO; n=9) or hypocaloric diet with strength training (DST; n=9). Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and inter and intra muscular adipose tissue (IMAT) were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Serum lipid concentrations including total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), and triglycerides (TG) were measured. No significant changes occurred in body weight and percent body fat in the C group over the 16-week period. The DO and DST groups lost similar amounts of weight and fat after 16 weeks. SAT and VAT decreased after weight loss in the DO and DST groups but not in the C group. IMAT was significantly reduced in the DO and DST groups, whereas in the C group IMAT increased. The loss in IMAT mass was similar in the DO and DST groups. TC and LDLC decreased in the DO and DST groups but not in the C group. There were no differences between the DO and DST groups in decrease in TC and LDLC. HDLC decreased in the DO group but not in the C and DST groups. TG tended to decrease in the DST group. In conclusion, body fat distribution including SAT, VAT, and IMAT and serum lipid concentratons were modulated by weight loss resulting from the hypocaloric diet with or without strength training in obese elderly women. Strength training did not enhance the improvement in body fat distribution and serum TC and LDLC concentrations by the hypocaloric diet.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.1134-1145
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with Allium mongolicum Regel extracts on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, fat color, and concentrations of three branched-chain fatty acids related to flavor in ram lambs. Methods: Sixty 3-month-old, male, small-tailed Han sheep were selected and randomly allocated into four groups in a randomized block design. Four feeding treatments were used: i) a basal diet without supplementation as the control group (CK); ii) the basal diet supplemented with 10 g/lamb/d Allium mongolicum Regel powder as the AMR group; iii) the basal diet supplemented with 3.4 g/lamb/d Allium mongolicum Regel water extract as the AWE group; and iv) the basal diet supplemented with 2.8 g/lamb/d Allium mongolicum Regel ethanol extract as the AFE group. Results: The results demonstrated that the dry matter intake was lower for the AFE group than that in other groups (p = 0.001). The feed conversion ratio was greater for the AFE than that in other groups (p = 0.039). Dietary supplementation with Allium mongolicum Regel powder and its extracts decreased the concentrations of 4-methyloctanoic acid (MOA) (p<0.001), 4-ethyloctanoic acid (EOA) (p<0.001), and 4-methylnonanoic acid (MNA) (p = 0.044) in perirenal adipose tissue compared to those observed in the CK lambs. Dietary supplementation with Allium mongolicum Regel powder and its extracts decreased the concentrations of MOA (p<0.001) and EOA (p<0.001) in dorsal subcutaneous adipose tissue compared to those in the CK lambs. The concentrations of MOA (p<0.001) and EOA (p = 0.002) in omental adipose tissue were significantly affected by treatment, although there was a tendency for lower MNA (p = 0.062) in AMR, AWE, and AFE lambs than that in CK lambs. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that Allium mongolicum Regel and its extracts could significantly promote feed efficiency, although dry matter intake decreased and could decrease the MOA and EOA concentrations related to characteristic flavor and odor of body fat in lambs, except for tail adipose tissue.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.83-94
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• 2006

Purpose : Endometriosis is characterized by the ectopic growth of uterine tissue in various extrauterine locations. This study examined the macroscopic, hormonal and immunological effects of Ouhyul Herbal Acupuncture(OHA) therapy on rats with experimentally induced endometriosis. Methods : Endometrial tissue was implanted in the serosal wall of the small intestine in rats. The rats were divided randomly into an experimental group and control group. The experimental group was treated with OHA on Kwanwon(CV4) three times per week and the control group was administrated normal saline every day. After 6 weeks, the size of the ectopic uterine tissue was estimated and the serum progesterone, estradiol and cytokines($TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-l0) concentrations were analyzed. Results : The size of the ectopic uterine tissue in the experimantal group was slightly smaller than that in the control group. The estradiol, IL-4 and IL-6 concentrations were significantly lower and the IL-l0 concentration was significantly higher in the serum of the experimental group than in the control group. There was no significant difference in the concentrations of the other cytokines. Conclusion : These results suggest that OHA might be an effective method for treating dometriosis.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.83-96
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• 2003

Effect of Nutrient Concentrations, fertigation frequency, and learching percentage on crop growth and nutrient concentrations in root media were evaluated. The treatment of each irrigation with $50 mg.L^{-1}$ of nitrogen in stage 2 and increase to $80 mg.L^{-1}$ nitrogen in stage 3 had the highest crop growth at 34 days after sowing among treatments tested. Feeding with low nutrient concentrations and elevated frequency decreased crop growth. In treatments of each leaching percentage, feeding with low nutrient concentrations and elevated frequency resulted in increased tissue nutrient contents. The less tissue potassium content and higher calcium and magnesium contents were observed in treatment of 50% leach than those in 0% leach. All treatment tested had soil solution pH higher than 6.8. Electrical conductivity in treatments of 50% leach were lower than those of 0% leach. Feeding with low nutrient concentrations and elevated feeding frequency in each leaching percentage resulted in increased electrical conductivity in soil solution of root media. Trends of medium nutrient concentrations were similar to those of electrical conductivity.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.121-132
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• 2004

Concentrations of Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn were determined in four arctic brown algae (Laminaria saccharina, L. digitata, Alaria esculenta, Desmarestia aculeata) in an attempt to examine for their metal accumulation capacity and also to assess their contamination levels. Macroalgae were collected from shallow subtidal waters (<20m) of Kongsfjorden (Kings Bay) on Spitsbergen during the period of the late July to early August 2003. Metal concentrations highly varied between sampling sites, species and tissue parts. Input of melt-water laden with terrigenous sediment particles seemed to have a large influence on baseline accumulations of some metals (Al, Fe, Mn, Pb etc.) in the macroalgae, causing a significant spatial variation. There were also significant concentration differences between the young and old tissue parts in L. saccharina, L. digitata and A. esculenta. While Al, Fe, Mn, Pb were higher in the perennial parts (stipes and holdfast below meristematic region), Cd and As concentrations were significantly higher in the young blades above the meristematic region. Zn and Cr, on the other hand, showed little differences between the tissue parts. The highest metal concentrations were found in D. aculeata, which seems to be due to its filamentous fine branches leading to high surface/volume ratios. The lowest concentrations were found in the two Laminaria spp., the blades of which are thicker than D. aculeata and A. esculenta. No distinct signs of contamination were detected in the brown algal species analyzed. Added to this, the results of the present studies suggest the potential utility of L. saccharina, L. digitata and A. esculenta as biomonitors for metal pollution monitoring in this area.