• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.324-329
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• 1996

In this paper, we present a vision algorithm to extract the tire information markings on the sidewall of tires. Since the appearance of tire marks is the same as its background, a primary feature to distinguish tire marks from their background is the roughness. Generally, the roughness of tire marks is different from that of its bakground: the surface of tire marks is smoother than the backgrounds. Light incident on the tire surface is reflected differently according to the roughness. For smoother surfaces, the surface irradiance is much stronger than that of rough surfaces. Based on these phenomena and observation, we propose an optimal illumination condition based on Torrance-Sparrow reflection model. We also develop an efficient reflectance-ratio based operator to extract the boundary of tire marks. Even with a very simple masking operation, we were able to obtain remarkable boundary extraction results from real experiments using many tires. By explicitly using the surface reflection model to explain the intensity variation on the black tire surface, we demonstrate that a physics-based vision method is powerful and feasible in extracting surface markings on tires.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.128-133
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• 2008

In this paper, a new technique was suggested to estimate vehicle speed for the traffic accident reconstruction, and accident investigators can estimate initial vehicle speed based on this suggested technique. Turning tests with several vehicle speeds were executed and compared with the motion of the vehicle and the shape of the tire marks. A new method for estimating the coefficient of friction is suggested by using the longitudinal and lateral components of tire marks. And also, a speed calculation graph is suggested to estimate vehicle speed for traffic accident reconstruction.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.71-82
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• 2020

Traffic accidents due to excessive speed frequently occur in places where traffic signal controllers are installed, places where sharp curves exist, or places where the traffic signal cycle does not match the current time. These traffic accidents cause economic loss due to the destruction of road facilities and structures, and cause a big problem of increasing the number of traffic accident deaths. When a traffic accident occurs, leaving a tire mark before or after a car crash, pre-collision speed of the car is calculated using the law of conservation of momentum or the skid mark formula. In the skip skid mark generated in ABS brake vehicles and the combshaped yaw mark generated by tire trace caused by lateral sliding, there is a difference of 30-40% in the reliability of the vehicle speed calculated by the smite mark. In this paper, we propose an algorithm that can improve the calculation reliability in vehicle speed by using skid marks in order to compensate for this problem. In addition, we present an intelligent speed calculation algorithm for traffic safety and a computer simulation in order to prevent traffic accidents by estimating the speed of a vehicle, using Skid marks, Yaw marks, and ABS brake characteristics and fuzzy rules.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.361-370
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• 2015

There will inevitably be errors and uncertainties in tire yaw mark related critical speed formula, which is derived merely from the relationship between the centrifugal force and the friction force acting on the point-mass vehicle. Constructing and measuring yaw marks through appropriate simulation works have made it possible to perform uncertainty analysis in calculation of critical speeds under variation of variety of conditions and parameters while existing yaw mark experimental tests have not performed properly. This paper does not present only the critical speed analysis results for parametric sensitivity and uncertainty of chord and middle ordinate, coefficient of friction and road grade, but also modeling uncertainty such as variation of braking level during turning and vehicle size. The yaw mark analysis methods and results may be now applied in practice of traffic accident investigation.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.119-130
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• 2010

교통사고의 재구성 해석은 도로와 사고흔적, 자동차 손상 등 다양한 자료들을 분석함으로서 이루어진다. 대부분의 자료들은 사고 해석에서 변수로 작용하며, 측정으로부터 구해지는 자료들은 조사자와 도구, 주어진 환경 등에 의해 측정 오차가 발생된다. 따라서 사고해석에서는 측정 오차에서 비롯되는 불확실성이 항상 존재한다. 본 연구는 불확실성이 존재할 가능성이 매우 높은 도로 기하구조와 타이어 흔적 등 길이와 마찰계수 등에 대해 반복 측정 실험을 함으로서 교통 사고해석에서의 불확실성을 정량화하였다. 또한 자동차 충돌 변형량의 사진 계측에 대한 불확실성에 대해서도 해석 결과를 제시하였다. 이러한 통계학적 분포들은 사고 재구성 불확실성을 추정하기 위해 입력 계수의 적절한 범위를 결정하는 것을 도울 수 있다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.125-132
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• 2012

본 논문은 차량이 급제동으로 인해 도로 위에 생성된 스키드마크와 같이 형태가 모호하게 나타난 영상을 인식하기 위해 FE-SM/SONN을 제안하였다. FE-SM/SONN은 타이어 트레드 패턴이 뭉개져서 나타나는 스키드마크 경우, 그 패턴이 모호한 영상으로 취득된다. 이를 인식하기 위해 퍼지 이론과 트레드 패턴의 특징을 이용한 자기 조직 신경망 인식기를 통해 스키드마크를 인식하는 방법이다. 이러한 실험을 위해 48개 타이어모델과 144개 스키드마크가 사용되었고, 전체 인식율은 89%이며, 비교 분석을 위해서는 기존 역전파 인식기에 비해 인식률 면에서 13.51%가 향상되었고, FE-MCBP에 비해 8.78% 향상을 보였다. 이 논문의 기대효과로는 모호한 영상의 특징을 추출하여 인식이 가능하였고, 트레드 패턴 영상이 그레이 영상으로 나타날 경우도 퍼지 이론에 의해 인식이 가능한 것으로 연구결과 나타났다.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2003

The traffic accident is the prerequisite of the traffic accident reconstruction. In this study, the traffic accident (forward collision) and traffic accident reconstruction (inverse collision) simulations are conducted to improve the quality and accuracy of the traffic accident reconstruction. The vehicle and tire models are used to simulate the trajectories for the post-impact motion of the vehicles after collision. The impact dynamic model applicable to the forward and inverse collision simulations is also provided. The accuracy of impact analysis for the vehicular collision depends on the accuracy of the coefficients of restitution and friction. The neural network is used to estimate these coefficients. The forward and inverse collision simulations for the multi-collisions are conducted. The new method fur the accident reconstruction is proposed to calculate the pre-impact velocities of the vehicles without using the trial and error process which requires the repeated calculations of the initial velocities until the forward collision simulation satisfies with the accident evidences. This method estimates the pre-impact velocities of the vehicles by analyzing the trajectories of the vehicles. The vehicle slides on a road surface not only under the skidding during an emergency braking but also under the steering. A vehicle over steering or cornering with excessive speed loses the traction and leaves tile yaw marks on the road surface. The new critical speed formula based on the vehicle dynamics is proposed to analyze the yaw marks and shows smaller errors than ones of the existing critical speed formula.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2007

Skid mark and coefficient of friction are usually utilized to calculate the velocity and behavior of vehicles. For a critical case such as traffic accident reconstruction, however, the initial velocity of the car should be calculated precisely. In this study, the skid marks on dry asphalt pavement were measured, and the velocity at brake onset was precisely recovered. A passenger car with new tires and non-contact optical speedometer were set up for the tests. A new methodology to determine the more precise velocity for Non-ABS vehicle at braking onset were suggested.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.100-106
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• 2017

Outline map is used for the description and reconstruction of the traffic accident. One way to produce the outline map is by adopting detailed measurements from the accident site such as final position of the vehicle and pedestrian, width of the road, and locations of the oil and tire marks. This method consumes large amount of time not to mention that of the production of detailed version as fine as the picture of the site. Aerial recording equipment so called HeliCam can produce an outline map that can substitute that of manual method with even faster production time and higher resolution. However, the produced picture have errors which are resulted by distortion due to the characteristics of camera and direction of the photographing. This paper provides correction of the distortion of oultline map produced by HeliCam using Adobe Photoshop and PC-Rect. The result showed resonable error range less than 6 cm(0.1%) for $60m{\times}30m$ area taken by HeliCam. The presented method develops outline map with small error, which is useful to traffic accident analysis, and traffic accident cases analyzed in this study were also.