• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.201-212
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the biology of three species, Tipula latemarginata Alexander, T. nova Walker and T. aino Alexander, of the Genus Tipula in Korea. Field surveys for the biology of the species were carried out at the three sites of Neaseong Stream area in Bongwha County from January 2001 to December 2005. Also many individuals of the species were reared in laboratory to investigate the biology. The larval habitats of the species were streams, rivers, paddy fields, damp earth or leaky revetments. The Tipula larvae were herbivorous. Newly-hatched first instar larvae fed on soft algae, and the larvae gradually fed on leaves, stems and roots of a variety of plants or hard leaf litters, as they grew. During the molting of the larvae their body kept moving from left to right and up and down. Molting usually took not more than 2 hours, and about four hours after molting, the larvae started to eat heavily. The Tipula larvae in aquatic places moved to drier land for pupation and went through short prepupal stage lasting 1-2 days for pupation at fourth instar larval stage. When emerging, the Tipula pupae placed their head and thorax on the earth, but the other parts in the earth. Emergence from the pupal case required about 20 min. to one hour. Mating of Tipula adults took place within 5-7min. after emergence and the duration of mating was about 40 min. The female adults of the species laid eggs by walking with 3 pairs of legs over the damp earth or algal beds. Their body was positioned vertically on the ground with their wings spread $120^{\circ}$ and legs landed on the surface. The oviposition usually took place from one day to 4 days after emergence and the number of eggs carried by female adults were an average of 501-760 per individual. Tipula adults didn't normally feed, and drank water only occasionally. For a few days after emergence, the adults reared in the laboratory rarely drank water. As they neared to death, however, they frequently drank water. The longevity of adults reared in the laboratory with only water during the summer was ca. 4-9 days and males usually survived a little longer than females. The longevity of T. nova was increased 3 times or more as much by feeding them 3% sugar water. Male adults of T. latemarginata outnumbered female adults by 2.6 : 1 in the fields.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 1986

Silkworms have been found cross infected with other microsporidia of insects in mulberry trees, forest and fruit gardens. Even the unidentified microsporidian species were not seriously pathogenic to silkworms, the silkworm egg producers lose their profit because of the elimination of eggs laid from moths which are infected with any kind of microsporidian species. Recently, the microsporidian cross infection to silkworm is in tendency of increase and the authors have investigated the field insects to examine the microsporidia. The number of species of insects infected with microsporidia was 10 and they were Boettcherisca peregrina (Robineau-Dewvoidy), Apis melifera linnaeus, Artogenia rapae Linnaeus, Tipula aino Alexander, Altica cacrulescens (Baly), Anomela daimiana Harold, Eilema griseola (Jubner), Rbalbistylun speciosum Uller, Anisodactylus signatus illiger, Oulema oryzae (Kuwayama). From the Boettcherisca peregrina (Rogineau-Desvoidy), three different species of micrsporidia were isolated and the microsporidia isolated from Boettcherisca peregrina (Robineau-Desvoidy), Apis melifera Linnaeus, Artogenia rapae Linnaeus donot have infectivity to silkworm larvae, Bombyx mori L.