• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.325-325
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• 2017

In the 20th century, the average temperature of Korea has risen by $1.5^{\circ}C$, whereas it has risen by $0.6^{\circ}C$ globally. Few studies have investigated the effect of seeding date in hilly pastures on their growth characteristics and productivity. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of seeding dates at a hilly pasture establishment on its growth characteristics and productivity caused by increasing temperatures in Korea. The experiments were conducted from 2014 to 2016 at Pyeongchang, South Korea, at an altitude 600-700 m above sea level. The composition of grass mixture was tall fescue, orchard grass, perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, timothy, and white clover. Treatments comprised four seeding dates (August 13 and 27, and September 10 and 24). The establishment rate was lowest on September 24, resulting in only 20% establishment over the winter, and the proportion of weeds was highest on September 24 (58%). Early seedling growth before overwintering is a critical approach to ensure successful establishment of grassland. The main components were orchard grass and tall fescue on the early seeding date (August 13), and Kentucky bluegrass on the late seeding date (September 24). Late seeding increased the proportion of bare lands invaded by weed species, especially during second and third cutting periods. Early seeding date resulted in a progressive increase in biomass. Total annual production was significantly affected by the seeding date; lowest dry matter production was on September 24 ($2,441kg\;ha^{-1}$), whereas maximum dry matter yield was on August 27 ($6,608kg\;ha^{-1}$). The results of the study indicate that growth condition and productivity could be increased by early seeding, and seeding of grass in the Pyeongchang area should be completed before August 27. However, further studies are needed to determine the ideal seeding date at the hilly pasture establishment in Pyeongchang.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.437-444
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• 2011

The object of this experiment was to investigate the food habits of sika deer fed with various roughage sources. The experimental trials were conducted at Unbong Animal Genetic Resources Station in 2008. The experimental roughages include five sources and 25 species in all; grasses and legumes: 5 species (mixed grasses, orchardgrass, tall fescue, alfalfa, white clover), native grasses and weeds: 5 species (mixed native grasses, Miscanthus sinensis Anderss, Arundinella hirta (Thunb.) Tanaka, barnyard grass, short awn, forage crops (hay, silages and straw): 5 species (barley + hairy vetch, Wheat + hairy vetch, rye silage, barley silage, baled rice straw), browse and fallen leaves: 5 species (mixed browse, oriental white oak, Quercus serrta Thunb., oriental cherry fallen leaves, Japanese chestnut fallen leaves), and imported hays and straws: 5 species (timothy hay, tall fescue straw, annual ryegrass straw, klinegrass hay, alfalfa hay). Five sika deer were used as experimental animals and the averaged body weight was 95+5.4kg. The chemical composition and dry matter digestibility of each roughage source and species were significantly different at the sampling area, plant species, growth stages and cutting period(p<0.05). The sika deer ate more roughages which had low fibrous contents, but high dry matter digestibility. Among all the 25 species of roughages, the favorite intake roughage sources ranking by sika deer was observed like this: browse and fallen leaves (32.2%), grass and legumes (27.0%), native grasses and weeds (22.0%), imported hays (12.9%) and forages crops (5.5%) respectively. Although, the sika deer ate more browse leaves, but ate more roughage which had low fibrous contents (NDF and ADF), but high drymatter digestibility. On the other hand, compared to each roughage source, total intake amount by sika deer was showed as browse and fallen leaves (32.2%). Based on the result, the food habit of sika deer seems to be closer to the typical browser.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.378-384
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• 1997

The ruminal solubility of copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), and zinc (Zn) in eight Philippine forages was studied. These forages were: 1) grasses: paragrass (Brachiaria mutica (Forsk.) Stapf), stargrass (Cynodon plectostachyum Pilger), and napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.); 2) creeping legumes: calopogonium or calopo (Calopogonium muconoides Desv.) and centrocema (Centrocema pubescens Benth.); 3) tree lequmes: gliricidia or kakawate (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.), leucaena or ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.), and sesbania or katuray (Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir). Nylon bags with samples were incubated for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72h in three rumen cannulated sheep fed with timothy hay (Phleum pratense L.) at 2% body weight/d. The 0-h bags were washed with deionized water. There were species differences (p < 0.05) on the different solubilities of trace elements. At O-h incubation, the trend of solubility was Mo (54%) > Zn (43%) > Cu (38.7%) > Mn (29.5%). At 3-h incubation, all the elements except Mn had an average solubility above 50%. Combining particulate passage rate (1.9%/h) and various trace elements disappearance rates, the effective ruminal solubilization (ERS) of trace elements were computed. The ERS across species ranged from 44.6 to 89.9% for Cu, 29.9 to 84% for Mn, 66 to 95.1% for Mo, and 30.1 to 82.3% for Zn resulting to a trend of Mo > Zn > Cu > Mn.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 1994

Forage quality evaluation with several grasses grown at a high altitude pasture situated at 1,000m above sea level was made to determine what is the feed value of these grasses and whether these grasses have any differences in forage quality compared with the grdsses grown at lowland pastures. In this experiment, Common, Venture, and Palaton reed canarygrass (Phahris arundinucea L.) and Climax timothy (Phleum pratense L.) were used and harvested at two different dates, 5 July and 30 September, 1989. Cmde protein (CP) concentrations in the grasses grown in September were higher than in July. Among the grasses grown, Palaton and Common reed canarygrass were highest in CP concentration in July and September, respectively. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations in the grasses harvested in July were higher than in September. Palaton reed canruygrass was lowest in ADF and NDF concentrations at the both harvest dates. Relative feed value (RFV) in the grases harvested in July was ranged from 92 to 105 and that in September was from 110 to 117. Palation reed canarygrass had the highest RFV of 105 and 117 in July and September, respectively, therefore, the forage quality of this grass was ranked as Grade 2 based on the AFGC Hay Quality Standards. Overall forage quality of the grasses grown at a high altitude pasture seemed to be higher than the forage quality at lowland pastures. Based on the RFV assigned by the AFGC, forages with RFV 92 to 117 in this experiment could only work well in rations for low producing dairy cows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.1054-1060
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• 2017

Objective: This study was aimed at evaluating effects of cattle breed resources and alternative mixed-feeding practices on meat productivity and emission intensities from household farming systems (HFS) in Daklak Province, Vietnam. Methods: Records from Local $Yellow{\time}Red$ Sindhi (Bos indicus; Lai Sind) and 1/2 Limousin, 1/2 Drought Master, and 1/2 Red Angus cattle during the growth (0 to 21 months) and fattening (22 to 25 months) periods were used to better understand variations on meat productivity and enteric methane emissions. Parameters were determined by the ruminant model. Four scenarios were developed: (HFS1) grazing from birth to slaughter on native grasses for approximately 10 h plus 1.5 kg dry matter/d (0.8% live weight [LW]) of a mixture of guinea grass (19%), cassava (43%) powder, cotton (23%) seed, and rice (15%) straw; (HFS2) growth period fed with elephant grass (1% of LW) plus supplementation (1.5% of LW) of rice bran (36%), maize (33%), and cassava (31%) meals; and HFS3 and HFS4 computed elephant grass, but concentrate supplementation reaching 2% and 1% of LW, respectively. Results: Results show that compared to HFS1, emissions ($72.3{\pm}0.96kg\;CH_4/animal/life$; least squares $means{\pm}standard$ error of the mean) were 15%, 6%, and 23% lower (p<0.01) for the HFS2, HFS3, and HFS4, respectively. The predicted methane efficiencies ($CO_2eq$) per kg of LW at slaughter ($4.3{\pm}0.15$), carcass weight ($8.8{\pm}0.25kg$) and kg of edible protein ($44.1{\pm}1.29$) were also lower (p<0.05) in the HFS4. In particular, irrespective of the HSF, feed supply and ratio changes had a more positive impact on emission intensities when crossbred 1/2 Red Angus cattle were fed than in their crossbred counterparts. Conclusion: Modest improvements on feeding practices and integrated modelling frameworks may offer potential trade-offs to respond to climate change in Vietnam.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.291-302
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to clarify the effect of plant growth regulator "Uniconazole-P" on the control of growth and seed producrtion of pasture plants under grown in sward conditions. Four species examined were orchard grass, timothy, red clover and alfalfa. Uniconazole-P concentrations were control(0), 20ppm and 40ppm, and foliar sprayed on canopy structures at the floral differentiation stages of grasses and at the begining of flowering stages of legumes, respectively. 1. Yield components and seed yield components of grasses and legumes were responded differently between Uniconazole-P concentrations, species and the stages of growth. 2. At early heading stages, the plant length and culm length of grasses were reduced by Uniconazole-P treatments. On the contrary, the dry weight of ears per area and chlorophyll concentrations were increased by Uniconazole-P treatments. 3. At seed ripening stages, the number of ears, dry weight of a tiller, dry weight of a ear, dry weight of ears per area and dry weight of seeds in orchardgrass, and the number of ears, dry weight of a ear, dry weight of ears per area, dry weight of seeds and harvest index in timothy were increased by Uniconazole-P treatments. 4. At early flowering stages, the plant length and total length of internodes were reduced by Uniconazole-P treatments. On the contrary, total length of branches and chlorophyll concentrations of red clover and alfalfa were increased by Uniconazole-P treatments. Particularly, the number of inflorescences and dry weight of inflorescences of red clover was increased greatly by Uniconazole-P treatments. 5. At seed ripening stages, the plant length of both of legumes were reduced by Uniconazole-P treatments. On the contrary, the dry weight of a inflorescence, dry weight of inflorescences per area, dry weight of seeds and harvest index of alfalfa was increased by Uniconazole-P treatments. 6. Seed production of grasses by Uniconazole-P treatments can be explained as following processes at each stage of growth. 1) reduced in plant length and culm lengths at early heading stages, 2) increased in number of ears and dry weight of a ear at both of stages, and 3) increased in dry weight of ears per area, dry weight of seeds and harvest index at seed ripening stages. 7. Seed production of legumes by Uniconazole-P treatments can be explained as following processes at each stage of growth. 1) reduced in plant length and total length of internodes and increased in number of branches and total length of branches at early flowering stages, 2) increased in number of inflorescences and dry weight of inflorescences at both of stages, and 3) increased in dry weight of seeds and harvest index at seed ripening stages.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.176-179
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• 1985

Digestion trials were conducted to evaluate intake and digestibility of grass harvested at different dates. Silage was prepared from first-growth forage (predominantly timothy) which cutting dates; 4 June (vegetative, called early-cut) and 30 June (heading, called late-cut). The silage was fed to wethers at restricted and ad libitum levels of intake. The crude protein and crude fat of silage decreased with advancing maturity, while contents of fibre increased. DM intake of early-cut and late-cut silage were $99g/W_{kg}^{0.75}\;and\;75g/W_{kg}^{0.75}$, respectively. In digestibility and TDN, significant differences (p<0.01) between early-cut and late-cut silage were found. There was no significant difference in DM digestibility of early-cut silage between restricted and ad libitum feeding, but DM digestibility was decreased markedly in ad libitum feeding that out of account in fecal condition. Digestibility of all composition in early-cut silage, except for hemicellulose, was not observed with increasing levels of intake. Digestibility of crude protein, NDF and hemicellulose in late-cut silage were decreased (p<0.05) in ad libitum when compared with restricted feeding. Results of this study suggest that digestibility of early and late forages harvested as silage varies with levels of intake. Thus, relationship levels of intake and digestibility must be considered cautiously.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.445-452
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• 2011

The object of this experiment was to investigate the food habits of Korean native goats fed with various roughage sources. The experimental trials were conducted at Unbong Animal Genetic Resources Station in 2008. The experimental roughages include five sources and 25 species in all; grasses and legumes: 5 species (mixed grasses, orchardgrass, tall fescue, alfalfa, white clover), native grasses and weeds: 5 species (mixed native grasses, Miscanthus sinensis Anderss, Arundinella hirta (Thunb.) Tanaka, Barnyard grass, short awn, forage crops and straw: 5 species (barley + hairy vetch, wheat + hairy vetch, rye silage, barley silage, baled rice straw), browse and fallen leaves: 5 species (Mixed browse, Oriental white oak, Quercus serrta Thunb., Oriental cherry fallen leaves, Japanese chestnut fallen leaves), and imported hay and straw: 5 species(timothy hay, tall fescue straw, annual ryegrass straw, klinegrass hay, alfalfa hay). Ten Korean native goats were selected which had nearly the same body weight (average $24{\pm}2.8$ kg). The chemical composition and dry matter digestibility of each roughage source and species were significantly different at the sampling area, plant species, growth stages and cutting period (p<0.05). Among all the 25 species of roughages, the favorite intake species order by Korean native goat was observed like this: Quercus aliena, Querancas serrta Thunb and Mixed browse, which was a lower intake compared to other domestic herbivores. The Korean native goats ate more roughages which had low fibrous contents, but high dry matter digestibility. The Korean native goats ate more roughages which had low fibrous contents, but high dry matter digestibility. On the other hand, compared to each roughage source, total intake amount by Korean native goats was showed as browse and fallen leaves (33.1%) among trials roughage sources. Based on these results, the food habit of Korean native goats seems to be closer to the browser.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.61 no.5
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• pp.254-259
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritive value of polished rice (PR) vs unpolished rice (UPR) as a potential feedstuff for sheep in order to use as a replacer to corn in sheep diet, and as well as to present the application in the formulation of cattle diet. Six corriedale ewe were randomly assigned to each treatment. UPR and PR were provided as a dietary treatment together with timothy grass as a basal diet in a crossover design for two period with 15-d duration for each period. The ratio of experimental and basal feeds were 33.3% and 66.7%, respectively. The differences in the total digestible nutrient (TDN) contents between sheep and cattle was determined according to the references. The number of data collected sheep and cattle was 9 and 17, respectively. The PR showed higher nutrients digestibility than UPR. Similarly, higher TDN content was observed PR than UPR (p < 0.05). As a result, the replacement of corn in the formulate feed with UPR and PR feed rice could be possible with the ratio of 91.2% and 100.0%, respectively. The result of comparation the TDN contents of UPR and PR in sheep and cattle, the PR has no difference in the nutritive value which suggests the applicability of the results of sheep to cattle. On the other hand, UPR has known to have different nutritive value between sheep and cattle, so caution should be taken when preparing formula feeds for cattle.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2010

This study was conducted to compare the chemical composition, dry matter digestibility (DMD), dry matter intake, and utilization of nitrogen and energy of dairy goats (Saanen), when fed on imported timothy hay (IT), mixture grass hay (MG) and native grass hay (NG), respectively. The experimental trials were conducted from April, 2008 to December, 2008 at the environmental controlled barn of Chungnam National University. Twelve dairy goats (Saanen) were selected which had nearly the same body weight (24.2kg, male). The content of crude protein (CP) of MG hay was higher than that of other diets (p<0.05), but the contents of NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin of IT and NG diet were higher than those of MG diet (p<0.05). The voluntary DM intake of dairy goats fed with herbage from MG diet (30.7/$BW_{kg}$/day) was higher than that of other diets, but no significant difference was observed between that of IT diet and NG diet (p>0.05). The DMD of MG diet (69.8%) was higher than that of NG diet (62.2%) and IT diet (60.8%) (p<0.05), but no significant difference was observed between that of IT diet and NG diet (p>0.05). In nitrogen utilization, the apparently digested N %, retained % and biological value of dairy goats fed with herbage from MG diet were higher and TG diet was lower (p<0.05). In energy utilization, digestible energy and the energy of apparently digested minus urinary losses of MG diet were higher than those of IT diet and NG diet (p<0.05), but no significant difference was found between IT diet and NG diet (p>0.05). Based on the results, the dry matter intake, DMD and utilization of nitrogen and energy of dairy goats of MG were higher than those of IT diet and NG diet (p<0.05), the DMD and biological value (%) of NG diet was higher than that of IT diet (p<0.05).