• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.1-13
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• 2015

Travellers consider extra travel time to be arriving their destination because of uncertainty of travel. So it is important to make predictable highway by providing information of travel time variability to traveller so as to enhance level of service at highway. In order to make predictable highway, it is necessary to develope measures of travel time variability that travellers can easily understand. Recently advanced country including the United States, travel time variability index are actively studied. In earlier study, 95percentile of travel time is considered to be most important calculation index of travel time variability. In this study, is has focused on the propriety analysis of 95percentile of travel time in domestic transportation environment. Result of analysis, All of measures(80percentile of travel time, 90percentile of travel time, 95percentile of travel time) show the tendency to increase when case of weather factor occur compare to normal condition under LOS A~D. Especially 95percentile of travel time increased sensitively.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.313-323
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• 2015

Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are known for irregular variability on all time scales, down to intra-day variability with relative variations of a few percent within minutes to hours. On such short timescales, unexplored territory, such as the possible existence of a shortest characteristic time scale of activity and the shape of the high frequency end of AGN power spectra, still exists. We present the results of AGN single-dish fast photometry performed with the Korean VLBI Network (KVN). Observations were done in a “anti-correlated” mode using two antennas, with always at least one antenna pointing at the target. This results in an effective time resolution of less than three minutes. We used all four KVN frequencies, 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz, in order to trace spectral variability, if any. We were able to derive high-quality light curves for 3C 111, 3C 454.3, and BL Lacertae at 22 and 43 GHz, and for 3C 279 at 86 GHz, between May 2012 and April 2013. We performed a detailed statistical analysis in order to assess the levels of variability and the corresponding upper limits. We found upper limits on flux variability ranging from ~1.6% to ~7.6%. The upper limits on the derived brightness temperatures exceed the inverse Compton limit by three to six orders of magnitude. From our results, plus comparison with data obtained by the University of Michigan Radio Astronomy Observatory, we conclude that we have not detected source-intrinsic variability which would have to occur at sub-per cent levels.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1998 no.11
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• pp.185-186
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• 1998

The discrete Wigner-distribution(DWD) was implemented for the time-frequency analysis of heart rate variability signals. The smoothed cross-DWD was used to estimate time-varying power spectrum. Spurious cross-terms were suppressed using a smoothing data window and a Gauss frequency window. The DWD is very easy to implement using the FFT algorithm. Experiment show that the DWD follows well the instantaneous changes of spectral content of heart rate variability signals, which characterize the dynamics of autonomic nervous system response.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 1997

Tsutakawa(1988) proposed a mixed model for using empirical Bayes method to study the geographic variability in mortality rates of a disease. In particular cases of the analysis in mortality rate, we need to consider the effect of time. If observed data are collected annually for the time period, then time effect will be emphasized. Here, an extended model for estimating the geographic effect and the mortality rates of the disease with time effect is proposed.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.64 no.8
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• pp.1246-1250
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• 2015

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the autonomic nervous system activity in various ambient temperature situation. To evaluate autonomic function, we use the time domain analysis of heart rate variability. Electrocardiogram was recorded to derive heart rate variability in 3 different temperature room which temperature is controlled in 18℃(low), 25℃ (mid) and 38℃(high), respectively. Totally 22 subjects were participated in the experiment. The result shows that the time-domain variables such as AVNN, SDNN, SDSD, RMSSD, NN50, pNN50, NN20 and pNN20 show the significant difference between low and high temperature (p<0.01). However, these variables has no significance (p>0.05) between mid and high except on AVNN, RMSSD and pNN20. AVNN, RMSSD shows the highest significance (p<0.001) according to the various temperature environment.

• Journal of Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.17-33
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• 2018

This study investigates the stability of professionals' cost variability factor-rankings across different levels of cost-variability and response scenarios. Descriptive statistics are used to examine the stability of factor-ranking for 20 cost variability factors and a Multinomial Logistic (MNL) regression model was implemented to examine the stability of cost variability factors across three cost variability levels. The finding on the descriptive statistics indicated that professionals' factors-rankings are stable only for external factors. The MNL regression results on factor-stability suggested that 8 out of the 20 evaluated factors were unstable determinant of lower cost variability levels. These factors are "risk associated with the project", "personal bias and poor professionalism of the estimators", "limited time available to complete the project", "lack of skills and experience by estimator" "geographical location of projects", "incomplete & rush designs for estimate", "unforeseen or unexpected site constraints", "high class bidders for the contractors". Similarly lack of experience and large size projects were observed to be unstable as well. These observations suggest that professionals' view on pre-tender cost variability factor-ranking yields unstable factor rankings hence should not be relied upon as the only mechanisms to mitigate cost related risks in construction projects.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.13-24
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• 2024

The propagation of elastic waves in soil is crucial in geotechnical and seismic engineering. Although soil is often assumed homogeneous, natural geomaterials like soil and rock possess inherent heterogeneity. This study uses FLAC 2D finite difference software to simulate wave propagation under different spatial variability parameters. Random field models and Monte Carlo methods were employed to generate random field data for soil parameters, reflecting the actual variability of soil. The study analyzes the effects of different correlation lengths, variability parameters, and saturation on the propagation characteristics of elastic waves, including wave velocity, amplitude attenuation, and waveform changes. Results show that wave propagation is most sensitive to elastic modulus variability, followed by porosity, while Poisson's ratio has minimal impact. Due to the variability of the elastic modulus, wave propagation time increases with increasing variability coefficient and correlation length. The peak amplitude decreases significantly, and the attenuation mean decreases while the variability of attenuation increases with increasing variability coefficient. Additionally, increasing soil saturation in heterogeneous soils leads to a decrease in wave velocity and an increase in attenuation. These findings contribute to a better understanding of elastic wave propagation in heterogeneous soils and improving design reliability.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers D
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• v.52 no.9
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• pp.547-553
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• 2003

In this paper, we designed the PC-based analyzer of the power spectral density that could estimate the heart rate variability from time series data of R-R interval. The power spectral density estimated that it applied the autoregressive model to the measured electrocardiogram during a short period. Also, the characteristics of the designed analyzer are that it could process of the signal filtering, the generation and recomposition of time series and the feature extraction at the same time. Especially the analyzer reconstructed which applied the lowpass filter of the time series composed by the linear interpolation so as to enhance the signal-to-noise feature. We could estimate the power spectral density that confirmed a variety of power peak with low frequency range and high frequency rang of autonomic nerve by the heart rate variability.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.45.1-45.1
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• 2014

We present the results of a time series analysis of the long-term radio lightcurves of four blazars: 3C 279, 3C 345, 3C 446, and BL Lacertae. We exploit the data base of the University of Michigan Radio Astronomy Observatory (UMRAO) monitoring program which provides densely sampled lightcurves spanning 32 years in time in three frequency bands located at 4.8, 8, and 14.5,GHz. Our sources show mostly flat or inverted (spectral indices -0.5 < alpha < 0) spectra, in agreement with optically thick emission. All lightcurves show strong variability on all time scales. Analyzing the time lags between the lightcurves from different frequency bands, we find that we can distinguish high-peaking flares and low-peaking flares in accord with the classification of Valtaoja et al. (1992). The periodograms (temporal power spectra) of the observed lightcurves are consistent with random-walk powerlaw noise without any indication of (quasi-)periodic variability. The fact that all four sources studied are in agreement with being random-walk noise emitters at radio wavelengths suggests that such behavior is a general property of blazars.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.49-54
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• 2014

Heart rate variability is significantly associated with cardiovascular complications in various neurological disorders with cardiac impairment. Measures of spontaneous heart rate variability might be different from provocating tests of heart rate variability such as deep breathing and Valsava maneuver. Methods for analysis are divided into time domain methods and frequency domain methods. There are standard deviation of NN interval, standard deviation of average NN interval, root mean square of the successive differences, NN50, and pNN50 in time domain methods. Frequency domain bands can be divided into very low, low, and high frequency. Each variables are influenced by sympathetic and/or parasympathetic activity.