• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.43-47
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• 2022

Purpose Radioimmunoassay implement quality control by systematizing the internal quality control system for quality assurance of test results. This study aims to contribute to the quality assurance of radioimmunoassay results and to implement systematic quality control by measuring the average CV of internal quality control and external quality control by plenty of institutions for reference when setting the laboratory's own acceptable range. Materials and Methods We measured the average CV of internal quality control and the bounce rate of more than 10.0% for a total of 42 items from October 2020 to December 2021. According to the CV result, we classified and compared the upper group (5.0% or less), the middle group (5.0~10.0%) and the lower group (10.0% or more). The bounce rate of 10.0% or more was compared by classifying the item of five or more institutions into tumor markers, thyroid hormones and other hormones. The average CV was measured by the overall average and standard deviation of the external quality control results for 28 items from the first quarter to the fourth quarter of 2021. In addition, the average CV was measured by the overall average and standard deviation of the proficiency results between institutions for 13 items in the first half and the second half of 2021. The average CV of internal quality control and external quality control was compared by item so we compared and analyzed the items that implement well to quality control and the items that require attention to quality control. Results As a result of measuring the precision average of internal quality control for 42 items of six institutions, the top group (5.0% or less) are Ferritin, HGH, SHBG, and 25-OH-VitD, while the bottom group (≤10.0%) are cortisol, ATA, AMA, renin, and estradiol. When comparing more than 10.0% bounce rate of CV for tumor markers, CA-125 (6.7%), CA-19-9 (9.8%) implemented well, while SCC-Ag (24.3%), CA-15-3 (26.7%) were among the items that require attention to control. As a result of comparing the bounce rate of more than 10.0% of CV for thyroid hormones examination, free T4 (2.1%), T3 (9.3%) showed excellent performance and AMA (39.6%), ATA (51.6%) required attention to control. When comparing the bounce rate of 10.0% or more of CV for other hormones, IGF-1 (8.8%), FSH (9.1%), prolactin (9.2%) showed excellent performance, however estradiol (37.3%), testosterone (37.7%), cortisol (44.4%) required attention to control. As a result of measuring the average CV of the whole institutions participating at external quality control for 28 items, HGH and SCC-Ag were included in the top group (≤10.0%), however ATA, estradiol, TSI, and thyroglobulin included in bottom group (≥30.0%). Conclusion As a result of evaluating 42 items of six institutions, the average CV was 3.7~12.2% showing a 3.3 times difference between the upper group and the lower group. Cortisol, ATA, AMA, Renin and estradiol tests with high CV will require continuous improvement activities to improve precision. In addition, we measured and compared the overall average CV of the internal quality control, the external quality control and the proficiency between institutions participating of six institutions for 41 items excluding HBs-Ab. As a result, ATA, AMA, Renin and estradiol belong to the same subgroup so we require attention to control and consider setting a higher acceptable range. It is recommended to set and control the acceptable range standard of internal quality control CV in consideration of many things in the laboratory due to the different reagents and instruments, and the results vary depending on the test's proficiency and quality control materials. It is thought that the accuracy and reliability of radioimmunoassay results can be improved if systematic quality control is implemented based on the set acceptable range.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.395-401
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• 2019

Phthalate is a chemical endocrine disrupter and interfere with the action of hormones, estrogens, androgens and thyroid hormones. It also affect cardiovascular, metabolic, immune and reproductive system in the human and animals. Curcumin is antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity and -cancer properties in the human. We studied whether phthalates damage viability, mitochondrial activity and membrane integrity of sperm in boar semen. We also treated curcumin with/without phthalates in the boar semen. Fresh boar semen was treated with phthalates and/or curcumin for examining sperm characteristics. Sperm characteristics, sperm motility, viability, mitochondrial activity, and membrane integrity were determined during storage of boar semen. Sperm motility and viability in dose-dependent manner decreased by di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP, p<0.05). Phthalates also decreased mitochondrial activity and membrane integrity of sperm (p<0.05). However, sperm motility and viability were higher than untreated-curcumin when DBP, MBP and DEHP treated with a curcumin in boar semen (p<0.05). Mitochondrial activity and membrane integrity of sperm were higher in DBP- and MBP-treated semen with curcumin (p<0.05). In conclusion, phthalates can damage sperm viability and quality during the boar semen storage, and curcumin may protect the boar sperms from phthalates during storage term.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1354-1360
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• 2006

Maize-soybean meal diets with 0, 100, 200 and 300 g/kg double zero rapeseed meal ('00' RSM) with and without an enzyme mixture (xylanase, pectinase, cellulase) at a level of 1.6 g/kg were evaluated with 624 day-old broiler chicks for 5 weeks. The birds were randomly allocated to eight dietary treatments with three replicates of 26 birds each. Average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake (FI) were recorded weekly and ileal viscosity, organ weights, serum enzyme activity, hormonal profile and hematological parameters were measured at the end of week 5. Average daily gain during the weekly periods was significantly influenced by the dietary level of '00'RSM (p<0.01). Inclusion of '00' RSM improved the ADG up to day 28 with the increased level; beyond that time no improvement was recorded when compared to control groups. However, ADG from 1-35 days was significantly different between 300 g/kg inclusion level of '00' RSM and the control diet. Inconsistent decline in feed intake and feed conversion ratio was observed up to day 21 and the trend was reversed thereafter. The proportion of '00' RSM in the diet had a significant ($p{\leq}0.05$) influence on thyroid weight but had no effect on the relative weights of liver and heart, serum enzyme activities (${\gamma}$-glutamyl transferase, alanine amino transferase and aspartate amino transferase), thyroid hormones ($T_3$ and $T_4$), hemoglobin level and hematocrit. Significant improvement in ADG was recorded during the 2nd week of age with the addition of enzyme, whereas for all other periods, including the whole period of the trial, higher but non-significant ADG was observed. FI and FCR were not affected by the addition of enzyme but there was a numerical reduction in FCR during the whole period. The addition of enzyme reduced the ileal viscosity at all levels of '00' RSM inclusion. The results suggest that '00' RSM can be included up to 300 g/kg in broiler diets without any adverse effects on health and performance. The addition of commercial enzyme mixture containing xylanase, pectinase, cellulase to broiler diets containing '00'RSM has some effect on growth rate and feed conversion efficiency.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.222-228
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• 1990

The development of histomorphometric and histodynamic investigations has permitted the description of a specific and complex osteopathy in hyperthyroidism. The increased bone turnover rate in hyperthyroid patients may be accompanied by a considerable bone loss. These features are associated with both inclosed osteoclastic bone resorption and increased osteoblastric bone formation, with an accelerated calcification rate. Conventional biochemical markers of bone metabolism, i.e. serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline and calcium are normal in most patients with hyperthyroidism. However, the correlation between serum BGP and serum concentration of thyroid hormon suggests that serum BGP may be a sensitive marker of increased bone formation due to the hypersecretion of thyroid hormones. Any increase in bone turnover, whether focal or diffuse, will result in an increase in $^{99m}Tc-methylenediphosphonate$ uptake (MDP). The measurement of this uptake in hyperthyroid patients by bone provides a sensitive and objective means of quantifying skeletal metabolism. Using a standard shadow-shield whole-body monitor and radioimmunoassay kit, we have measured whole-body retention of $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ up to 24hr and concentration of serum Osteocalcin in 20 patients with hyperthyroidism and in 42 normals. The results were as follows; 1) The average of serum Osteocalcin level in 42 patients with normals was $9.90{\pm}4.87(ng/ml)$ and in 20 patients with hyperthyroidism was $19.54{\pm}5.7(ng/ml)$. Both the averages of serum Osteocalcin and 24hr $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ uptakes in hyperthyroid patients were higher than those in normals. 2) $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ uptakes in skeletal system increased in proportion to normal ageing after 40 yrs old in 42 patients with normals. The average of $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ uptakes in hyperthyroid patients were higher than those in normals without related ageing. 3) A significant relationships between the $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ uptakes and serum Osteocalcin level were peformed (r=0.55, $y=17.58+6.7\times$). From the above results we concluded that the measurement of serum Osteocalcin and 24hr $^{99m}Tc-MDP$ uptakes can be used for evaluation of bone turnover as a specific marker in hyperthyroid patients.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1294-1303
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• 2019

Perchlorate is an anionic pollutant that is very soluble and stable in water. It has been detected not only in soil/ground water but also in surface water, drinking water, food, fish, and crops. Perchlorate inhibits iodine uptake by the thyroid gland and reduces production of thyroid hormones that are primarily responsible for regulation of metabolism. Although various technologies have been developed to remove perchlorate from the environment, biodegradation is the method of choice since it is economical and environmentally friendly. However there is limited information on perchlorate biodegradation in salt environment such as salt water. Therefore this paper reviews biodegradation of perchlorate in salt water and related microorganisms. Most biodegradation research has employed heterotrophic perchlorate removal using organic compounds such as acetate as electron donors. Biodegradation research has focused on perchlorate removal from spent brine generated by ion exchange technology that is primarily employed to clean up perchlorate-contaminated ground water. Continuous removal of perchlorate at up to 10% NaCl was shown when bioreactors were inoculated with enriched salt-tolerant perchlorate-reducing bacteria. However the reactors did not show long-term stable removal of perchlorate. Microorganisms belonging to ${\beta}$- and ${\gamma}$-Proteobacteria were dominant in bioreactors used to remove perchlorate from salt water. This review will help our understanding of perchlorate removal from salt water to develop a decent biotechnology for the process.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.401-418
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• 1995

Aging process can be explained by many factors. In this study, we counted complete Blood Cells (CBC) such as WBC, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Granulocytes, RBC, HGB, and HCT of both SAM P6 and SAM P1 during the aging process. Plasma albumin, glucose, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, creatinine, inorganic phosphate, urea concentrations were also measured at the same time. In addition to these, plasma concentrations of cortisol, total T3, and total T4 were analyzed by Chemiluminescent Immunoassay. There were no change in CBC counts of SAM R1 and SAM P6 during this study. Plasma concentratins of albumin and glucose decreased significantly in SAM R1. However, plasma alkaline phosphatases and creatinine concentration in SAM P6 decreased significantly at 16 week after birth comparing to the control. Total T4 levels were siginificantly increased although cortisol and total T3 concentrations were the same in SAM R1 groups. Especially, the after birth of creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, T4 of SAM P6 at 16 week were significantly different form those of SAM R1. At 12 week after birth, pilose antler extract was given 5g/kg/day p.o. for 0, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days each in both SAM R1 and SAM P6. The RBC, HGB, and HCT levels started to increase significantly from 7 days after the dose at SAM P6 only. Total T4 conectrations were elevated gradually during the study although the antler extract administration did not prevent or inhibit the increase in total T4 concentration during the study. Therefore, the elevation of erythrocytes after administration of the extract needs to be studied in future.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.964-969
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• 2006

The efficacy of garlic extract and $PGF_2{\alpha}$ in the treatment of endometritis in cows was evaluated. A total of 26 parous cows affected with endometritis were randomly allocated into three groups. Group I (n = 10) animals were infused (IU) with 10 ml garlic extract mixed with 90 ml normal saline, three times at 12 h interval starting from the day of estrum, whereas the animals of Group II (n = 10) were treated with a single injection of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ (25 mg Lutalyse) on the $10^{th}$ to $12^{th}$ day after estrus, and group III (n = 6) remained as control. Cervico-vaginal mucus (CVM) was collected from each animal at pre- and post-treatment estrus and subjected to white side test, pH determination and total bacterial load. The clinical recovery of cows was assessed by negative white side test reaction, pH value and total bacterial count of CVM at subsequent estrus. The recovered animals were inseminated with frozen-thawed semen twice at 12 h intervals and pregnancy was confirmed at 45-60 days following insemination. A significant decline (p<0.05) in pH of CVM was observed in both the treatment groups at subsequent estrus. After treatment there was a significant (p<0.05) reduction in bacterial load, whereas, it was increased in control group. A total number of 65 isolates were identified in CVM samples comprising mostly of facultative anaerobic bacteria. Plasma $T_4$ and $T_3$ concentrations were increased in all the treated animals, whereas, a decline was observed in cortisol levels following treatment. The overall conception rate was 50% in treated groups as compared to nil pregnancy in the control.

• CELLMED
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.10.1-10.6
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• 2012

Acupuncture works by stimulating peripheral sensory nerves and their endings causing an increase in cutaneous blood flow and microcirculation, as well as release of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and hormones. SP6 Patch is a nanoscale nontransdermal device that mildly stimulates Stomach 36 (zusanli) and other acupuncture points. As stimulation of these points has been indicated to have an effect on hypothalamic function, it is of great research interest to investigate the effect of SP6 Patch on the physiology of organs that are affected by hypothalamic regulation. Bioelectrical tissue impedance data indicative of cellular physiologic organ function, using an Electro Interstitial Scan (EIS) system, were acquired from hypothalamus, pancreas, liver, intestines, kidneys, thyroid and adrenal glands in 10 (1 male, 9 females) volunteers while wearing the SP6 Patch daily for 1 week. EIS testing was performed at baseline with no patch, 30 min after wearing the patch, and after wearing the patch 12 h/day for 1 week. Subjects were instructed to keep well hydrated during the study period. All subjects served as their own control. The hypothesis was: The SP6 Patch worn 12 h/day on the Stomach 36 acupuncture point for 1 week, may significantly improve cellular physiologic functional status of different organs measured by EIS. All tested organs achieved significant improvement in their functional physiologic status after wearing the SP6 Pach 12 h/day for 1 week compared to baseline with an overall average statistical power > 89%. Based upon these results the hypothesis was accepted as true.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.984-992
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of milk supplemented with Sel-Plex on thyroid hormones, rectal temperature, plasma glucose and cholesterol concentrations, and body weight in suckling calves. Ten Holstein suckling male calves of approximately 1 month of age were selected and randomly allocated to one of two groups and fed either unsupplemented milk (control) or milk supplemented with 0.3 mg/kg DM Se from Sel-Plex (treated). The animals received treated milk and free choice starter for two months. Dry matter intake for each individual animal was recorded daily throughout the study. The calves were weighed and blood samples were taken weekly. Plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine ($T_{3}$), thyroxin ($T_{4}$) and $T_{3}$-Uptake were determined using radioimmunoassay kits. Plasma cholesterol and glucose concentrations were determined by enzymatic-colorimetric methods. Rectal temperature was recorded at blood sampling time. During the experiment, ambient temperature and relative humidity were recorded at the time of blood sampling and every four hours. Treatment significantly (p<0.01) affected the concentration of $T_{3}$, free $T_{3}$ index ($FT_{3}I$) and ratio of $T_{3}$:$T_{4}$ in plasma. The plasma concentrations of $T_{3}$ in treated calves were 33% higher than in the control. The plasma concentrations of $T_{4}$ (p<0.05), glucose (p<0.01) and cholesterol (p<0.01) were decreased in the treated group. Calves fed Sel-Plex had higher rectal temperature (p<0.01). Plasma free $T_{4}$ index (FT4I) did not differ significantly between the two groups. An increase in body weight was observed (p<0.09) in the treated group. The results indicated that milk fortified with Sel-Plex could increase tissue conversion of $T_{4}$ to $T_{3}$ and therefore improve thermometabolism in suckling calves.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 1981

Serum concentrations of $T_4,\;T_3$, and free $T_4$ were measured by radioimmunoassay in normal pregnant women at each trimesters, in postpartum women, and cord blood of neonates. Total $T_4$ were increased during pregnancy, remarkably high in the first trimester, and also somewhat increased in postpartum, and normal in neonate. Total $T_3$ were in normal range during pregnancy, but increased in postpartum, whereas decreased in neonate. Free $T_4$ were decreased in 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy, however normal in post partum and neonate.