• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.107-118
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• 2000

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of radioiodine treatment for metastatic thyroid carcinoma, we reviewed results of radioactive iodine treatment in patients with functional lung or bone metastases. Materials and Methods: Of 760 patients who were treated for differentiated thyroid cancer between 1984 and 1998, we detected pulmonary metastases and bone metastases in 76 patients (10.0%) and 20 patients (2.6%), respectively. Among them, we could evaluate the effectiveness of I-131 therapy in 53 patients with lung metastases and 15 patients with bone metastases. Results: Of 53 patients who received I-131 therapy with a mean cumulative dose of 26.2 GBq (1.1-84.4 GBq) for pulmonary metastases, metastatic lung lesions completely resolved in 19 patients (35.8%) and improved in 22 patients (41.5%). In 13 of 19 patients with complete remission of pulmonary metastases, the total accumulated dose of I-131 was less than 18.5 GBq. We found 43 sites of metastatic bone lesions in 15 patients with bone metastases. Of 29 lesions which received I-131 therapy, metastatic lesions improved in 14 sites (48.3%), but did not change or progress in 15 sites (51.7%) despite the I-131 therapy. Three lesions were completely cured with a combination treatment of surgery(${\pm}$ external radiotherapy) and I-131 therapy, and the other 11 lesions improved. Conclusion: Radioactive iodine treatment gives favorable results for pulmonary metastases. However, for bone metastases, there might be a need to use combination therapy including I-131 and surgery or external irradiation.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.39-47
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• 1969

A clinical analysis was made on 161 cases of hyperthyroidism seen at the Radioisotope Laboratory of Kyungpook National University Hospital. This series consisted of 144 cases of diffuse goiter and 17 cases of nodular goiter. 1) Hyperthyroidism was most prevalent in the 4th decade and male to female ratio was 1:4.6. 2) Cardinal symptoms in the order of frequency were weakness, easy fatigability, palpitation, weight loss, nervousness, perspiration, heat intolerance, increased appetite, insomnia and dysmenorrhea. 3) Major physical findings in the order of frequency were goiter, fine tremor, tachycardia, wide pulse pressure, emaciation, warm moist skin, exophthalmos, systolic hypertension and atrial fibrillation. 4) The complications were ophthalmopathy (34.2%), thyrotoxic heart disease (5.6%), thyroid crisis (1 case), pretibial myxedema (1 case) and thyrotoxic myopathy (1 case). 5) Mean values of the six hour and twenty-four hour $^{131}I$ uptakes by the thyroid glands were 67.5% and 71.6%, respectively, in diffuse goiter and 64.5% and 65.0%, respectively, in nodular goiter. 6) Mean values of twenty-four hour $PB^{131}I$ conversion ratio were 76.3% in diffuse goiter and 70.2% in nodular goiter and those of the basal metabolic rate was +51% in the former and +41% in the latter. Mean serum cholesterol level was 152mg% in diffuse goiter and that in nodular goiter was 175mg%. 7) Among the 134 cases treated with $^{131}I$, 66 cases (49.3%) were successful1y controlled with single dose and in the majority of the cases the initial therapeutic dose required was $4.1{\sim}5.0mC$ in diffuse goiter and $5.1{\sim}6.0mC$ in nodular goiter. 8) With $^{131}I$ treatment the symptoms improved in the following order: heat intolerance, emaciation, nervousness, insomnia, easy fatigability, weakness, fine tremor, goiter, perspiration, exertional dyspnea and palpitation. And in a few cases improvement of even exophthalmos was seen. 9) Following $^{131}I$ treatment myxedema occurred in 4 cases (3%) and reccurrence in 9 cases (6.8%).

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.207-211
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• 2011

Purpose: Surgery for thyroid gland requires skin incisions that can result in postsurgical neck scar. To overcome this, many surgeons performed a endoscopic thyroidectomy. But, this approach had a some problems. One of postoperative problems, iatrogenic cervical dystonia (CD) may occur. At common, CD is defined as a syndrome characterized by prolonged muscle contraction causing twisting, repetitive movements or abnormal posture. Botulinum toxin A (BTA, Botox$^{(R)}$, Allergan, Irvine, CA, USA) is well known treatment agent in the treatment of CD. So, the authors applied BTA injection in rare case with iatrogenic CD resulting in endoscopic thyroidectomy. Methods: A 43-year-old female had endoscopic subtotal thyroidectomy operation 3 years ago. She had symptoms such as progressive cervical pain, abnormal neck posture, depression, and sleep difficulty. About 1 year later, the patient who had previous myomectomy of the clavicular head of sternocleidomastoid muscle, however, symptoms were not improved. And then the patient received BTA therapy in our department. The 2 units per 0.1 mL solution was administered in a 1 mL tuberculin syringe. Results: The dose of BTA used in the patient was 36 units for vertical platysmal bands, superficially, and 10 units for ipsilateral sternocleidomastoid muscle, intramuscularly. After 2 weeks, additional the dose of BTA used in the patient was 5 points for remained scar bands, superficially. Complications related to injection such as significant swallowing difficulties, neck muscle weakness, or sensory change were not observed. In 9 months follow-up, the patient maintained a good result from the method of BTA injection alone. Conclusion: The basic concept is selective denervation for the hyperactive individual muscles and scar bands. We conclude that BTA is an effective and safe treatment for CD despite the iatrogenic and complex presentation of this complication.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.87-93
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• 2019

Recently, the number of passengers using airplanes is rapidly increasing due to the increase of overseas travelers. Therefore, the probability of exposure to natural radiation due to altitude is increasing due to the increase in flight time. Cosmic-ray penetrates the Earth's magnetic field belt Van Allen, which is located at an altitude of 400 km to 1200 km. Most cosmic rays are blocked at Van Allen belt. However, cosmic-ray could be not completely blocked, and a small amount of cosmic-ray affects the earth. In general, if the altitude was increased by 100m, the natural exposure dose increased by 0.03 mSv on the Earth. In this study, I tried to minimize the exposure to natural radiation in airplanes when boarding airplanes. Especially, I was aimed to minimize radiation exposure by protecting the highly sensitive thyroid gland among human organs. According to the results of the study, the designed shielding handkerchief was able to shield cosmic natural radiation dose by more than 70%. In conclusion, the application of the shielding handkerchief made in this study can be effectively shield natural radiation.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.255-261
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• 2014

The generation amount of radioactive waste has been rapidly increased by increase of the usage of radioisotope source in medical field. Especially, the use of the radioactive source of I-131 with short half-life of 8.02 days used in treatment of thyroid has been increased, and all of the wastes concerned have been disposed by means of the self-disposal method. IAEA proposed criteria for clearance level of waste which depends on the individual (10 ${\mu}Sv/y$) and collective dose (1 man-Sv/y), and concentration of each nuclide (IAEA Safety Series No 111-P-1.1, 1992 and IAEA RS-G-1.7, 2004). In this study, various radioactive wastes in medical fields are collected and measured for establishing the disposal methods and procedures of radioactive wastes. In addition, comparison evaluation of decay storage period between the half-life which was calculated by attenuation curve based on real measurement and analytical half-life is considered. With comparing the theoretical half-life and the effective half life(7.72 days) which was based on the decay equation of measured data, it is resulted in the theoretical half-life is longer than effective half-life. The storage period of radioactive waste for self-disposal may be curtailed. The result of this study will be proposed as ISO standard.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.307-313
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• 2006

The development of in vitro assays has been recommended to screening and testing the potential endocrine disruptors (EDs). These assay systems focus only on identifying the estrogenic or antiestrogenic activity of EDs, whereas a few studies have been carried out to screen the thyroid hormone (TH) disruptors. The aim of this study was to evaluate a test system to detect TH disruptors using rat pituitary tumor $GH_3$ cells. The test system is based on the TH-dependent increase in growth rate. As expected, L-3,5,3-triiodothyronine ($(T_3)$ markedly induced a morphological change in $GH_3$ cells from flattened fibroblastic types to rounded or spindle-shaped types. $T_3$ stimulated $GH_3$ cell growth in a dose-dependent manner with the maximum growth-stimulating effect being observed at a concentration $1{\times}10^9M$. In addition, $T_3$ increased the release of growth hormone and prolactin into the medium of the $GH_3$ cells culture. Using this assay system, the TH-disrupting activities of bisphenol A (BPA) and its related compounds were examined. BPA, dimethy/bisphenol A (DMBPA), and TCI-EP significantly enhanced the growth of $GH_3$ cells in the range of $1{\times}10^{-5}M\;to\;1{\times}10^{-6}M$ concentrations. In conclusion, this in vitro assay system might be useful for identifying potential TH disruptors. However, this method will require further evaluation and standardization before it can be used as a broad-based screening tool.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.776-781
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• 2006

Perchlorate ion($ClO_4^-$), which is present in the solid propellant for rocket, herbicide and some fertilizers. Perchlorate inhibits iodide uptake by the human thyroid gland. Impairment of thyroid function in expectant mothers may impact the fetus and result in effects including cerebral palsy, give rise to thyroid gland cancer. The US EPA(Environmental Protection Agency) adopted a reference dose(RfD) for perchlorate 0.0007 mg/kg-day, and this guidance lead to a Drinking Water Equivalent Level(DWEL) of 24.5 ${\mu}g/L$. The studies about perchlorate are actively performed in foreign countries, especially in USA but there is no study which surveyed the perchlorate contamination in Korea. Therefore, this study was done to investigate perchlorate contamination in Nak-dong river and tap water. The perchlorate was detected in Nakdong river and ranged from ND to 278.4 ${\mu}g/L$. The highest concentration was observed in Kumichon. The perchlorate concentration was decreased with the down stream of Nakdong river. The perchlorate concentration in tap water was varied with the cities and the concentration levels were $ND{\sim}34.1$ ppb. The highest perchlorate concentration was observed in DalsuGoo in Daegu and the similar concentration($9{\sim}11$ ${\mu}g/L$) was detected in most of the districts in Busan. The result of this study suggests that there is a perchlorate source near the Nakdong river and the urgent policy is needed to control perchlorate for the cities which are supplied from Nakdong river as for their tap water.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.721-726
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• 1998

The changes of thyroid hormone levels in plasma, eggs and yolk-sac larvae in female rockfish (Sebastes schiegeli) were examined after maternal injection of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine ($T_3$) with a dose of 20 mg/kg fish wt. There were no differences of L-thyronine ($T_4$) level in maternal plasma and yolk-sac larvae between $T_3$ injection and vehicle-injected control. The significant decrease of $T_4$ level was found in eggs from the $T_3$ injected mother fish compared with that of control. $T_3$ levels in maternal plasma, eggs, and yolk-sac larvae were significantly elevated by $T_3$ injection. Therefore $T_4$ and $T_3$ in maternal circulation may be transferred into oocytes and subsequently into the yolk-sac larvae. These findings suggest that thyroid hormones may play some roles on physiological metabolism during early larval development of rockfish.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.588-593
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• 2001

Rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) juveniles were fed with the diets containing 0 (control and sham), 5, 10 and 15 ppm of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine ($T_3$) for 50 days to assess the effect of the hormone on the change of physiological condition, growth and survival rate, fish were fed the commercial diet by hand to satiation 2 times per day. After 50 days, food intake, feed efficiency, thyroid cell height (TCH), abnormality, proximate body composition, growth, condition factor and survival rate were also examined. The food intake and the feed efficiency of S. schlegeli fed with diet containing 10 ppm of $T_3$ was significantly higher than those of fishes fed with the other diets. On the final day of experiment, atrophy of thyroid gland was observed in fish administered with 10 and 15 ppm of $T_3$. $T_3$increased slightly the abnormality according to the increase of $T_3$dose. The whole body proximate analyses indicated that the fishes administrated with 15 ppm of $T_3$ were the highest in protein content and were the lowest in lipid, but in ash content were there a significant effects of $T_3$. The growth of S. schlegeli fed with a diet containing 10 ppm of $T_3$ was significantly higher than that of control. The condition factor was not related to administered $T_3$ content. $T_3$ slightly improved the survival rate of juvenile S. schlegeli, and the survival rate of fish administered with 10 ppm was significantly higher than that of sham-control but was lower than that of control.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.491-500
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• 1996

The organ distribution and pharmacokinetics of DWP401, a recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF), were compared after single and repeated subcutaneous administration ( 50${\mu}$/kg, 10${\mu}g$Ci/kg of $^{125}I$-DWP401, twice a day for 7 consecutive days) to rats. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as AUC and terminal half-life were similar between two different administration. During repeated administration, the plasma concentration of DWP401 seemed to be constant when the plasma was collected at 15 min after each dosing. The TCA-precipitated radioactivities in thyroid, liver, kidney, and stomach were higher than those of other organs studied after both single and repeated administration. The TCA-precipitated radioactivities after repeated administration in several organs, such as thyroid, stomach, prostate, adrenal, eye ball, and testis were higher than those after single administration. But, according to the observations using gel filtration chromatography and antibody binding assay, the radioactivities in thyroid and stomach were not primarily due to the intact DWP401 or its metabolites but due to the $^{125}I$-thyroxine binding protein. In conclusion, it can be suggested that DWP401 is metabolized to each amino acid or small polypeptides, and there was no significant changes in pharmacokinetics or any indications for accumulation of DWP401 in rat plasma and organs after repeated treatment.