• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.145-153
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• 2015

Thyroid nodules are an endocrine disease often found in clinical practice, and patients with thyroid nodules found by chance have rapidly increased alongside development of thyroid ultrasound techniques for health examination purposes. This study analyzes the subjects' general characteristics, thyroid ultrasounds, and fine needle aspiration cytology in order to find out the relationship between male and female thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer frequency. An ultrasound examination of the thyroid was performed for 32,973 individuals who visited the K Hospital of Health Examination. Subjects have no history of thyroid disease and are 20 years old or over. Data of general characteristics, diabetes) was collected by a written survey completed by the subject, and the ultrasound of the thyroid(thyroid nodules existence, size, number) and FNAC was used to find out the malignancy rate. Frequency of patients with thyroid nodule was 4,611(26.1%) in men and 5,341(34.9%) in women between 32,973 individuals. Women's prevalence rate is significantly higher than men, and the prevalence rate significantly increased with age in men and women(p < 0.05). The prevalence of multiple nodules was significantly higher in women(43.5%) than in men(35.6%), and significantly increased with age in men and women(p < 0.05). The fine needle aspiration cytology was performed in 692(men 342, women 350) subjects who showed signs of malignancy through ultrasound. Prevalence of malignancy of the nodules was higher in men(33.3%) than in women(29.4%) although it is not statistically significant. It is known that thyroid nodule prevalence in women is much higher than in men. But this study shows the men's prevalence rate was not too low compared with women, and the men showed a rather higher malignancy rate in nodules than women. It is considered that the role of thyroid ultrasound is both important in men and women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.201-207
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• 2019

This study has evaluated whether the method of using the combination of different risk group, according to K-TIRADS classification and K-TIRADS classification in thyroid ultrasonography is useful in a differential diagnosis of benign and malignant nodules. The subject was patients underwent thyroid ultrasonography and retrospective analysis were performed based on the results of fine needle aspiration cytology. A chi-square test was performed for the difference analysis of the score system in K-TIRADS and different risk group according to the benign and malignant of thyroid nodule. The optimized cut off value was determined by the K-TIRADS score and different risk group to predict malignant nodule through ROC curve analysis. In the differential verification result of K-TIRADS and different risk group, according to the classification of benign and malignant nodule group each showed significant difference statistically(p=.001). In the point classification according to K-TIRADS for the prediction of benign and malignant in ROC curve analysis showed AUC 0.786, Cut-off value>2(p=.001), and in the different risk group, it was decided as AUC 0.640, Cut-off value>2(p=.001). When discovering the nodule in thyroid ultrasound, it is considered that the K-TIRADAS which helps in identifying benign and malignant thyroid nodules, it is considered to be helpful in the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules, than the classification system according to Different risk group, and when applying the classification system according to K-TIRADS, it is considered that it can reduce unnecessary fine needle aspiration cytology and could be helpful in finding the malignant nodules early.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.83 no.3
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• pp.645-657
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• 2022

Purpose To evaluate and compare the diagnostic outcomes of ultrasonography (US)-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy (CNB) performed on the same thyroid nodule using a surgical specimen for direct comparison. Materials and Methods We included 89 thyroid nodules from 88 patients from February 2015 to January 2016. The inclusion criterion was thyroid nodules measuring ≥ 20 mm (mean size: 40.0 ± 15.3 mm). Immediately after surgical resection, FNA and subsequent CNB were performed on the surgical specimen under US guidance. FNA and CNB cytopathologic results on the specimen were compared with the surgical diagnosis. Results Among the 89 nodules, 30 were malignant and 59 were benign. Significantly higher inconclusive rates were seen in FNA for malignant than benign nodules (80.0% vs. 39.0%, p < 0.001). For CNB, conclusive and inconclusive rates did not differ between benign and malignant nodules (p = 0.796). Higher inconclusive rates were seen for FNA among cancers regardless of US features, and in the subgroup of size ≥ 40 mm (62.5% vs. 22.9%, p = 0.028). Eleven cancers were diagnosed with CNB (36.7%, 11/30), while none was diagnosed using FNA. Conclusion In this experimental study using surgical specimens, CNB showed a potential to provide improved diagnostic sensitivity for thyroid cancer, especially when a conclusive diagnosis is limited with FNA.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.97-105
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• 1992

One hundred and thirty-nine thyroid nodules were evaluated by aspiration biopsy cytology (ABC) and were compared with the postoperative histologic diagnosis during the period from May 1, 1986 through Aug. 31, 1992. The correlation betwen the two diagnoses proved to be comparable with a low incidence of false-negative diagnoses, but with a relatively high incidence of false-positive ones. The sensitivity was 93.5%, specificity 89.6%, false-negative rate 6.5%, false-positive rate 10.4%, positive predictability 87.9%, negative predictability 94.5%, and overall diagnostic accuracy 91.4%.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.291-292
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• 2021

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.317-325
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• 2024

This study aimed to classify normal and nodule images in thyroid ultrasound images using GLCM and machine learning. The research was conducted on 600 patients who visited S Hospital in Busan and were diagnosed with thyroid nodules using thyroid ultrasound. In the thyroid ultrasound images, the ROI was set to a size of 50x50 pixels, and 21 parameters and 4 angles were used with GLCM to analyze the normal thyroid patterns and thyroid nodule patterns. The analyzed data was used to distinguish between normal and nodule diagnostic results using the SVM model and KNN model in MATLAB. As a result, the accuracy of the thyroid nodule classification rate was 94% for SVM model and 91% for the KNN model. Both models showed an accuracy of over 90%, indicating that the classification rate is excellent when using machine learning for the classification of normal thyroid and thyroid nodules. In the ROC curve, the ROC curve for the SVM model was generally higher compared to the KNN model, indicating that the SVM model has higher within-sample performance than the KNN model. Based on these results, the SVM model showed high accuracy in diagnosing thyroid nodules. This result can be used as basic data for future research as an auxiliary tool for medical diagnosis and is expected to contribute to the qualitative improvement of medical services through machine learning technology.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.341-346
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• 2022

The color overlay pattern of thyroid shear wave elastography applied in this study distinguishes benign and malignant nodules based on the optimal cut-off value of 74.2 kPa. From august 2021 to september 2021, thyroid ultrasound and elastography were performed on 57 patients with thyroid lesions using an ultrasound device RS85 prestige (Samsung Medison, Korea) and a 2-14 MHz linear transducer. In addition, the results of classification by K-TIRADS for each thyroid nodule and the results of classification by color overlay pattern according to the kPa value of acoustic ultrasound were compared and analyzed. In the color overlay pattern, the results classified as 40 people from dark blue to light blue and 17 people from green to red were similar to the K-TIRADS category results, which were classified as 42 benign and 15 malignant. Between blue and light blue, benign, and between green and red, malignant. If the shear wave elastography method is applied before the fine-needle aspiration cytology of the thyroid nodule is performed, the differential diagnosis of thyroid tissue from benign and malignant can be predicted in advance, and it will help to reduce unnecessary invasive tests.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.305-310
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• 2016

Recently as the ultrasonography became generalized, the annual change rate of the incidence of thyroid cancer extraordinarily grew to 24.5% in Korea. Therefore, the aim of this study was performed to identify the risk factors of thyroid cancer apart from conventional risk factors of dietary iodine and ionizing radiation. In this retrospective study, 411 patients underwent fine-needle aspiration biopsy were examined from January 2011 to March 2013. The subjects are divided into two groups which are 260 patients with benign nodule and 151 patients with malignancy nodule. We compared age, hematologic values, body mass index, waist circumference, menopausal status, breast nodules status, uterine myoma status, fatty liver status of targeted group of patients. According to the result, in thyroid cancer group with obesity, the number of case of breast nodules and myoma was higher, and their thyroid stimulating hormone values was higher than the benign nodule group. In order to establish factors influencing thyroid and thyroid cancer, there is a definite need for continuous study.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.149-155
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• 2013

The Korean Thyroid Association recommends fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) for nodules more than 0.5 cm in diameter. But nodules, smaller than 0.5 cm have been found in papillary carcinomas of the thyroid (PTC) at the health promotion center at SMC. We wanted to evaluate the ultrasonographic findings according to size of nodule in proven PTCs by FNAB, especially less than 0.5 cm. All nodules were classified into three groups by their longest diameter : less than 0.5 cm, more than 0.5 cm but less than 1 cm, and more than 1 cm. Sonographic findings suggesting malignancy were analyzed according to their size groups. Of 288 malignant nodules, 21.5 % (62/288) were less than 0.5 cm, 54.9 % (158/288) were more than 0.5 cm but less than 1 cm, 23.6 % (68/288) exceeded 1 cm. A taller-than-wide shape was observed in 90.3 % (56/62) of nodules less than 0.5 cm, and 48.5 % (33/68) of nodules exceeding 1 cm (p<0.001). There were no well-defined smooth nodules among nodules less than 0.5 cm, and spiculated or irregular margin nodules increased as the size increased (p=0.024). Nodules of size less than 0.5 cm did not showed hyper or isoechogenicity. Hypoechogenicity was greater than the marked hypoechogenicity in each group (p=0.034). Micro- or macro-calcifications were not founded in 77.4 % (48/62) of the nodule group sized less than 0.5 cm. From the small size of the group, micro- or macrocalcifications were observed 21.0 % (13/62), 48.1 % (76/158), 64.7 % (44/68), so the number of nodules containing micro- or macro-calcification increased as size increased (p<0.001). PTCs less than 0.5 cm in size on ultrasonography had taller than-wide shape, spiculated or irregular and ill-defined margins, and exhibited hypo and markedly hypoechogenicity, but microor macro-calcifications were not common. These ultrasonographic features of nodules less than 0.5 cm can be useful in reporting and guiding FNABs or follow-up exams.

• Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.404-410
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• 2018

Background: Fine-needle aspiration cytology serves as a safe, economical tool in evaluating thyroid nodules. However, about 30% of the samples are categorized as indeterminate. Hence, many immunocytochemistry markers have been studied, but there has not been a single outstanding marker. We studied the efficacy of CD56 with human bone marrow endothelial cell marker-1 (HBME-1) in diagnosis in the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) category III. Methods: We reviewed ThinPrep liquid-based cytology (LBC) samples with Papanicolaou stain from July 1 to December 31, 2016 (2,195 cases) and selected TBSRTC category III cases (n=363). Twenty-six cases were histologically confirmed as benign (six cases, 23%) or malignant (20 cases, 77%); we stained 26 LBC slides with HBME-1 and CD56 through the cell transfer method. For evaluation of reactivity of immunocytochemistry, we chose atypical follicular cell clusters. Results: CD56 was not reactive in 18 of 20 cases (90%) of malignant nodules and showed cytoplasmic positivity in five of six cases (83%) of benign nodules. CD56 showed high sensitivity (90.0%) and relatively low specificity (83.3%) in detecting malignancy (p=.004). HBME-1 was reactive in 17 of 20 cases (85%) of malignant nodules and was not reactive in five of six cases (83%) of benign nodules. HBME-1 showed slightly lower sensitivity (85.0%) than CD56. The specificity in detecting malignancy by HBME-1 was similar to that of CD56 (83.3%, p=.008). CD56 and HBME-1 tests combined showed lower sensitivity (75.0% vs 90%) and higher specificity (93.8% vs 83.3%) in detecting malignancy compared to using CD56 alone. Conclusions: Using CD56 alone showed relatively low specificity despite high sensitivity for detecting malignancy. Combining CD56 with HBME-1 could increase the specificity. Thus, we suggest that CD56 could be a useful preoperative marker for differential diagnosis of TBSRTC category III samples.