• Biomaterials and Biomechanics in Bioengineering
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.47-57
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• 2016

Results from multiple high profile experiments on the parameters influencing the impacts that cause skull fractures to the frontal, temporal, and parietal bones were gathered and analyzed. The location of the impact as a binary function of frontal or lateral strike, the velocity, the striking area of the impactor, and the force needed to cause skull fracture in each experiment were subjected to statistical analysis using the JMP statistical software pack. A novel neural network model predicting skull fracture threshold was developed with a high statistical correlation ($R^2=0.978$) and presented in this text. Despite variation within individual studies, the equation herein proposes a 3 kN greater resistance to fracture for the frontal bone when compared to the temporoparietal bones. Additionally, impacts with low velocities (<4.1 m/s) were more prone to cause fracture in the lateral regions of the skull when compared to similar velocity frontal impacts. Conversely, higher velocity impacts (>4.1 m/s) showed a greater frontal sensitivity.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.498-506
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• 2007

Using wind tunnel, experimental approaches were employed to investigate fluidelastic instability of tube bundles, subjected to uniform cross flow. There are several flow-induced vibration excitation mechanisms, such as fluidelastic instability, periodic wake shedding resonance, turbulence-induced excitation and acoustic resonance, which could cause excessive vibration in shell-and tube heat exchanges. Fluidelastic is the most important vibration excitation mechanism for heat exchanger tube bundles subjected to cross flow. The system comprised of cantilevered flexible cylinder(s) and rigid cylinders of normal square array, In order to see the characteristics of flow in tube bundles, particle image velocimetry was used. From a practical design point of view, Fluidelastic instability may be expressed simply in terms of dimensionless flow velocity and dimensionless mass-damping. The threshold flow velocity for dynamic instability of cylinder rows is evaluated and the data for design guideline is proposed for the tube bundles of normal square array.

• 한국해양공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양공학회 2001년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.213-219
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• 2001

In this paper, particle velocity of slurry flow, a kind of solid-particle two phase flow, was measured by using a particle tracking velocimetry. Particles are modeled by sphere-shaped glass whose diameters are 3mm, 5mm, and 7mm At first, a particle which is falling in the water is captured and analyzed to give their free falling velocity. The falling velocity was very high up to about 4m/sec in the air, which needs special algorithm for the accurate measurement. For the upwelling slurry flow in the straight duct, there are some noises caused by cavity. However, the effect was so small that it does not affect the measurement of large particles. From the preliminary study of applying the PTV to measurement of particle movement in slurry flow, we could find out the optimum value of parameters: threshold value., searching area radius and correlation area size.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.1903-1912
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• 1996

A quantitative study of impact damage of a soda-lime glass was carried out. An initiation and a propagation of cracks by the impact of two inds of steel ball was investigated. The fron, side and rear view of cracks were observed by a stereo-microscope. And the lowering of the benidng strength due to the impact of steel balls was examined through the 4-point bending test. A transparent glass is very helpful to understand and analyze the impact damage behavior of another brittle matereial. A deagdram about crack patterns according to the threshold impact velocity was sketched. A ring crack and a cone crack were formed at the low impact velocity. And as the impact velocity was higher, initial lateral crack was generated on the slanting surface of cone crack, and radial cracks were generated from the outermost ring crack. When the impact velocity of steel balls exceed a critical velocity, the contact site of specimens were crushed. According to the propagation of a cone crack, a rapid strength degradation occurred. In the specimen having crushed region, a bending strength was converged to a constant value instead of strength degradation.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.2196-2204
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• 1996

The damage mechanism by the impact of steel ball on the soda-lime glass having a different surface roughness was investigated. An initiation and a propagation behavior of cracks formed by each impact velocity were quantitatively studied. A 4-point bending test was carried out to evaluate the remaining bending strength of a scratched soda-lime glass which impacted by the steel ball. As the surface roughness was increased, the shape of cracks became more irregular rather than those of the smooth specimens. The phenomenon of turning up in the wing of cone cracks occurred even at the lower velocity than the critical velocity caused the crushing. The threshold velocity of cracks initiation generally became lower than those of smooth specimen. An initiation and a propagation behavior of radial cracks had no relation with the direction of scratch on the surface. The remaning benidng strength of the scratched specimen according to impact velocity had no big difference compared with those of the smooth specimen.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2003

The development of new materials with light weight and high strength has become vital to the machinery, aircraft and auto industries. However, there are a lot of problems with developing such materials that require such expensive tools, as well as a great deal of time and effort. Therefore, the improvement of fatigue life through, the adoption of residual stress, is the main focus. The compressive residual stress was imposed on the surface according to each shot velocity(1800, 2200, 2600, 3000rpm) based on Shot-peening, which is the method of improving fatigue life and strength. By using the methose mentioned above, we arrived at the following conclusions; 1. The fatigue crack growth rate(da/dN) of the Shot-peened material was lower than that of the Un-peened material. In stage I, $\Delta$K$_{th}$, the threshold stress intensity factor, of the shot-peen processed material is high in critical parts, unlike the Un-peened material. Also m, fatigue crack growth exponent and number of cycle of the Shot-peened material was higher than of the Un-peened material. That is concluded from effect of da/dN. 2. Fatigue life shows more improvement in the Shot-peened material than in the Un-peened material. Compressive residual stress of the surface on the Shot-peen processed operate resistance force of fatigue crack propagation.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2000

Delayed hydride cracking (DHC) velocity and threshold stress intensity factor for DHC ($K_{IH}$) tests in the radial direction on M11 pressure tube material in Wolsong unit 1 were carried out following the Atomic Energy Canada Limited (AECL) standard test procedure in order to identify the effect of undercooling on DHCV and to acquire the $K_{IH}$ data. The results showed that $K_{IH}$ 's were 8.8$\pm$0.8 MPa√m in the back offcut and 11.4$\pm$0.7 MPa√m in the front offcut. The fact that $K_{IH}$ in the front offcut is about 20% higher than that in the back offcut is attributed to the microstructural difference between the materials of the front and back ends. $K_{IH}$ 's in M11 pressure tube appeared to be higher than the values from the tubes made of double melted ingot reported earlier. This can be interpreted by the fact that very small amounts of Chlorine (Cl) and Phosphorus (P) are contained in the ingot and that the content of the harmful elements in the M11 pressure tube is equivalent to that made of a quadruple melting process. DHC velocities at 25$0^{\circ}C$ in the front offcut in the radial direction are measured to be 5~8$\times$10$^{-8}$ m/s. The results show that the prior thermal history change the DHC velocity significantly. This effect was confirmed by the experiment of undercooling prior to the DHC tests.DHC tests.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.457-471
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• 2021

This study aims at providing a simple and effective methodology to define a meaningful characteristic period for special class of earthquake records named "pulse-like ground motions". In the proposed method, continuous wavelet transform is employed to extract the large pulse of ground motions. Then, Fourier amplitude spectra obtained from the original ground motion and the residual motion is simply compared. This comparison permits to define a threshold pulse-period (Tp∗) as the threshold period above which the pulse component has negligible contributions to the Fourier amplitude spectrum. The effect of pulse on frequency content of motions was discussed on the light of this definition. The advantage and superior features of the new definition were related to the inelastic displacement ratio (IDR) for single-degree-of-freedom systems with period equal to one half of the threshold period. Analyses performed for the proposed period at three ductility levels u=2,4,6 were compared with the results obtained at half of pulse period derived from wavelet analysis, peak-point method and the peak of product of the velocity and the displacement response spectra (Sv x Sd). According to the results, pulse effects on inelastic displacement ratio seem to be more important when $\frac{T_p^*}{T}=2$ (T is the fundamental vibration period of system). The results showed that utilizing of the proposed definition could facilitate an enhanced understanding of pulse-like records features.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.165-172
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• 2010

This study was performed to estimate the swimming velocity of Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) migrated offshore Funka Bay of Hokkaido using an acoustic Doppler current profiler (OceanSurveyor, RDI, 153.6kHz) established in T/S Ushio-maru of Hokkaido University, in September 27, 2003. The ADCP's doppler shift revealed as the raw data that the maximum swimming velocity was measured 163.0cm/s, and its horizontal swimming speed and direction were $72.4{\pm}24.1\;cm/s$, $160.1^{\circ}{\pm}22.3^{\circ}$ while the surrounding current speed and direction were $19.6{\pm}8.4\;cm/s$, $328.1^{\circ}{\pm}45.3^{\circ}$. To calculate the actual swimming speed of Pacific saury in each bins, comparisons for each stratified bins must be made between the mean surrounding current velocity vectors, measured for each stratified bin, and its mean swimming velocity vectors, assumed by reference (threshold > -70dB) and 5dB margin among four beams of ADCP. As a result, the actual averaged swimming velocity was 88.6cm/s and the averaged 3-D swimming velocity was 91.3cm/s using the 3-D velocity vector, respectively.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the dispersion prediction of odor from Hanwoo and dairy farms. Gaussian Plume model used in considering of farm size, wind velocity, atmospheric stability and threshold odor unit to prediction of odor dispersion based on the survey on current state of odor emission and control from 9 site of Hanwoo and 9 site of dairy farms. Farm size, wind velocity and atmospheric stability were affected the distance of odor dispersion, showed longer distance in cases of large farm, low wind velocity and stable atmospheric condition. We will suggestion the adjusted distance of odor dispersion according to farm size was estimated to 50~100 m in Hanwoo farm and 50~150 m in dairy farm when apply the 3OU, 5 m/s wind velocity and stable atmospheric condition.