• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.85-99
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• 2014

PURPOSES : This study has been performed with the objective to determine threshold zone luminance of adaptation luminance by target safety level in a vehicular traffic tunnel with design speed set at 100km/h. METHODS : The study made a miniature capable of portraying changes in luminance distribution within $2{\times}10^{\circ}$ conical field of view of the driver approaching to the tunnel for the test. Test conditions were set based on justifications for CIE 88-1990's threshold zone luminance used as a reference by domestic tunnel light standards (KS C 3703 : 2010). Luminance contrast of object background and object is 23%, object presentation duration is 0.5 seconds, and size of the object background is $7.3{\times}11.5m^2$ RESULTS : Threshold zone luminance was set within adaptation luminance of $100{\sim}3,000cd/m^2$. Adaptation luminance and threshold zone luminance based on 50%, 75% and 90% target safety level all showed a relatively high linear relationship. According to findings in the study, it is not appropriate to specify the relationship between adaptation luminance and threshold zone luminance as luminance ratio. Rather, direct utilization of the linear relationship gained from the study findings appears to be the better solution. CONCLUSIONS : Findings of this study may be used to determine operation of threshold zone luminance based on target safety level. However, a proper verification and validity of test results are required. Furthermore, a study to determine proper threshold zone luminance level considering target safety level reviewed in this study and various decision-making factors such as economic conditions in Korea and energy-related policies should be carried out in addition. Additional tests on adaptation luminance greater than $3,000cd/m^2$ will be performed, through which application scope of the test findings will be broadened.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

As the standard lighting required in the threshold zone of a road tunnel is determined by the enough contrast. Lighting design, therefore, must be determined by the calculation method of threshold luminance based on the adaptation luminance of the driver approaching the tunnel. The veiling luminance and the luminance in the access zone were measured at different time and in different weather using the veiling luminance method, a kind of perceived contrast methods, and the L20 method when the range of vision was 20 degrees. On the basis of the measured data each threshold luminance was calculated and its results were analyzed.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.129-142
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• 2015

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to suggest a basis for setting appropriate safety goals specifically related to the threshold zone luminance in a vehicular traffic tunnel. METHODS : In the test, drivers were divided into two groups. One group consisted of all drivers (average drivers) group with an age ratio of drivers holding domestic driver's license and driver group by age to produce threshold zone luminance in the tunnel. The threshold zone luminance produced as a result was used to analyze how it affects the safety level of each driver group and provide a basis for setting an appropriate safety criterion that can be used to determine threshold zone luminance. We used test equipment, test conditions, and ananalysis of threshold zone luminance identical to that reported by ChoandJung(2014) but the values of adaptation luminance in our analys is were expanded to range from100 to $10,000cd/m^2$. RESULTS : Adaptation luminance and threshold zone luminance are found to be related by a quadratic function. The threshold zone luminance needed by older drivers to ensure a certain safety level is significantly higher than that for drivers of other age brackets when adaptation luminance increases. 56% of older drivers are at an increased risk of an accident at the same luminance for which the safety level of average drivers is 75%. The safety level that can be achieved for older drivers increases to above 60% when threshold zone luminance level is set with the goal of attaining a safety level of more than 85% for average drivers. The safety level that can be attained for average drivers is above 90% when the threshold zone luminance is high enough to ensure over 75% in the safety level of older drivers. Results of this study are applicable to highways and others whose designed speed is 100 km/h. CONCLUSIONS : Threshold zone luminance determined on the basis of drivers having average visual ability is of limited value as a performance standard for ensuring the safety of older drivers. Hence, safety level for older drivers should be considered separately from safety levels for drivers with an average ability to avoid risk. Upward adjustment of older drivers' safety level in the process of determining appropriate threshold zone luminance in a vehicular traffic tunnel may bring both tangible and intangible benefit as a result of reducing accidents. However, there is an associated dollar cost arising from installing and operating lights. As a result, the economic impact of these trade-offs should also be considered.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.105-115
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• 2015

PURPOSES : This study aimed to evaluate the appropriateness of safety with the standard for threshold zone luminance as specified in the Recommendation for Lighting of Traffic Tunnel, which has been widely adopted worldwide. METHODS : A driving test of the subject in a full-scale road tunnel was conducted. The adaptation luminance and threshold zone luminance, which should be known for the driver to perceive an object within stopping sight distance, were obtained. These values were compared with the adaptation luminance and threshold zone luminance obtained by the existing reduced model test and tunnel lighting standard that has served as a guideline for the current threshold zone luminance standard. RESULTS : According to this study, threshold zone luminance should be increased to at least 1.8 times the value proposed in the existing studies and to twice the domestic tunnel lighting standard (KS C 3703: 2014). CONCLUSIONS : The threshold zone luminance proposed in this study differs largely from that obtained from indoor tests and from the current tunnel lighting standard used worldwide; this difference may be attributed to the fact that the indoor tests did not incorporate driving workload, non-uniformity of luminance distribution in terms of sight, and factors that reduce the visibility of the driver, such as the light reflected into the driver's eyes. Hence, it is necessary to further review the factors that reduce the visibility of drivers approaching tunnels in order to determine the rational tunnel threshold zone luminance.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.255-260
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• 2023

In order to spread LED lighting, LED lighting technology directly driven by alternating current (AC) commercial power has recently been introduced. Since current does not flow at a voltage lower than the threshold voltage of the LED, a non-conductive section occurs in the current waveform, and the higher the threshold voltage of the LED, the more discontinuous current waveforms are generated. In this paper, multi-LED modules are connected in series so that the threshold voltage can be adjusted according to the number of LED modules. A small number of LED modules are driven at a low instantaneous rectified voltage, and a large number of LED modules are driven at a high instantaneous rectified voltage to lengthen the overall lighting time of AC-LED lighting, thereby minimizing the luminance deviation of AC-LED lighting. In addition, the load current flowing through the LED module is adjusted to be the same as the design current even at the maximum rectified voltage higher than the design voltage, so that the light brightness of the LED module is kept constant. Therefore, even if the rectified voltage applied to the LED module changes, the AC-LED lighting in which the light brightness is constant and the luminance deviation is minimal has been realized.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

To find an appropriate illuminance range for the disability glare caused by the road lighting system installed on guardrails, the influence of the disability glare was evaluated in comparison with the road lighting system of a streetlight. To test the disability glare, an indoor laboratory was constructed and a variation of luminance contrast threshold was evaluated. As a result, when the retinal illuminance was increased and glare sources existed within the narrow visual field, the luminance contrast threshold was increased. Although the road lighting luminaire was installed as low as the height of the guardrail on the road, when out of sight, the influence of the disability glare was small in comparison with the conventional road lighting system such as a streetlight.

• Journal of Information Display
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.159-166
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• 2012

In this paper, a display's emotional image quality can be primarily determined by designing the proper luminance level. Though displays with high luminance are preferred, too much light emission from a display may cause glare or visual fatigue to viewers. To find out the proper luminance level based on various video contents, this study was conducted with an OLED display with a real-black level and a wide color gamut, and with an LCD display with a high luminance level, to set the glare threshold under various conditions. The optimum luminance levels according to the display's loading ratio were found, and the maximum luminance that did not cause a glare in the test is proposed.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.63 no.8
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• pp.1140-1145
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• 2014

Tunnel lighting is composed of entrance zone, interior zone and exit zone by KS C 3703. We have to consider adaptation at entrance zone and exit zone lighting to prevent deteriorate visibility like black hole and white hole phenomenon. So External luminance, vehicle velocity and traffic volume should be considered in threshold zone lighting and vehicle speed and traffic volume should be considered in interior zone lighting. But existing tunnel lighting system is not good at visibility and economic because that is only controled by external luminance. So in this paper, We improve visibility and economic of tunnel lighting system using fuzzy reasoning according to external luminance, vehicle velocity, traffic volume.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.304-308
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• 2001

The increase of video data makes the demand of efficient retrieval, storing, and browsing technologies necessary. In this paper, a video segmentation method (scene change detection method, or shot boundary detection method) for the development of such systems is proposed. For abrupt cut detection, inter-frame similarities are computed using luminance and edge histograms and a cut is declared when the similarities are under th predetermined threshold values. A gradual scene change detection is based on the similarities between the current frame and the previous shot boundary frame. A correlation method is used to obtain universal threshold values, which are applied to various video data. Experimental results show that propose method provides 90% precision and 98% recall rates for abrupt cut, and 59% precision and 79% recall rates for gradual change.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.316-321
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• 2016

To study emission characteristics for dual-emission tandem organic light emitting display (OLED), we fabricated blue fluorescent OLED according to thickness variation of $MoO_x$ as charge generation layer and Al as cathode. The bottom emission characteristics of OLED with $MoO_x$ 2, 3, 5 nm thickness showed threshold voltage of 9, 7, 9 V, maximum current emission efficiency of 19.32, 23.18, 15.44 cd/A and luminance of $1,000cd/m^2$ at applied voltage of 17.6, 13.2, 16.5 V, respectively. The top emission characteristics of OLED with $MoO_x$ 2, 3, 5 nm thickness indicated threshold voltage of 13, 10, 13 V, maximum current emission efficiency of 0.17, 0.23, 0.16 cd/A and luminance of $50cd/m^2$ at applied voltage of 22.6, 16.5, 20.1 V, respectively. In case of thicker or thinner than $MoO_x$ of 3 nm, the emission characteristics were decreased because of mismatching of electron and hole in emission layer. The bottom emission characteristics of OLED with Al 15, 20, 25 nm thickness showed threshold voltage of 8, 8, 7 V, maximum current emission efficiency of 18.42, 22.98, 23.18 cd/A and luminance of $1000cd/m^2$ at applied voltage of 16.2, 13.9, 13.2 V, respectively. The reduction of threshold voltage and increase of maximum current emission efficiency are caused by the increase of current injection according to increase of Al cathode thickness. The top emission characteristics of OLED with Al 15, 20, 25 nm thickness indicated threshold voltage of 7, 7, 8 V, maximum emission luminance of 371, 211, $170cd/m^2$, respectively. The top emission OLED of Al cathode with 15 nm thickness showed maximum luminance and it decreased at thickness of 20 nm. These phenomena are caused by the decrease of intensity of emitted light by reduction of optical transmittance according to increase of Al cathode thickness.