• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.54-101
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• 1976

This study was conducted on the major factors affecting soil erosion and surface run-off. In order to investigate the processes and mechanisms of soil erosion on denuded forest-land in Korea, and to systematize the magnitudes of influences and interactions between individual factors, the five major factors adopted in these experiments are soil textures (coarse sand and clay loam), slope steepness ($10^{\circ}$, $20^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$ and $40^{\circ}$), rainfall intensities (50, 75 and 100mm/hr), slope mulching methods (bare, coarse straw-mat mulching, grass mulching and anti-erosion liquid mulching) and vegetation densities (sparse, moderate and dense). The processes and mechanisms of soil erosion, and the effects of mulchings on soil erosion as well as surface run-off rates were studied algebraically with four parts of laboratory experiments under the simulated rainfall and another part of field experiment under the natural rainfall. The results in this study are summarized as follows: 1. Experiment factors and surface run-off rates The surface run-off rates under the natural rainfall were resulted about 24.7~28.7% from the bare slopes, about 14.0~16.4% from the straw-mat mulched slopes, about 7.9~9.1% from the liquid mulched slopes, and about 5.6~7.2% from the grass mulched slopes respectively. The surface run-off rates under the simulated rainfall differed greatly according to the rainfall intensity and the mulching method. 2. Magnitudes of influences and interactions of the individual factor on the surface run-off rates. The experimental analyses on the major factors(soils, slopes, rainfalls, mulchings and vegetations) affecting the rates of surface run-off, show that the mean differences of surface run-off rate are significant at 5% level between the soil texture factors, among the slope steepness factors, among the rainfall intensity factors, among the mulching method factors, and among the vegetation density factors respectively. The interactions among the individual factor have a great influence(significant at 1% level) upon the rate of surface run-off, except for the interactions of the factors between soils and slopes; between slopes and vegetations; among soils, slopes and rainfalls; and among soils, slopes and mulchings respectively. On the bare slopes under the simulated rainfall, the magnitude of influences of three factors(soils, slopes and rainfalls) affecting the rate of surface run-off is in the order of the factor of rainfalls, soils and slopes. The magnitude of influences of three factors (soils, rainfalls and mulchings) affecting the rate of surface run-off, on the mulched slopes under the simulated rainfall is in the order of the factor of mulchings, rainfalls and soils and that of influences of the factor of soils, slopes and mulchings is in the order of the factor of mulchings, soils and slopes. On the vegetation growing slopes under the simulated rainfall, the magnitude of influences of three factors (soils, slopes and vegetations) affecting the rate of surface run-off is in the order of the factor of vegetations, soils and slopes. In the same condition of treatments on the field experiment under the natural rainfall, the order of magnitude of influences affecting the rate of surface run-off is the factor of mulchings, soils and slopes. 3. Experiment factors and soil losses The soil losses of the experiment plots differed according to the factors of soil texture, slope steepness, rainfall intensity and mulching method. The soil losses from the coarse soil were increased about 1.1~1.3 times as compared with that of fine soil under the natural rainfall, while the soil losses from the fine soil were increased about 1.2~1.3 times compared with that of coarse soil under the simulated rainfall. The equation of $E=aS^b$ (a, b are constant) between the slope steepness (log S) and soil losses (log E) under the simulated rainfall were developed. The equation of $E=aI^b$ (a, b are constant) between the rainfall intensity (log I) and soil losses (log E) were developed, and b values have a decreasing tendency according to the increase of the slope steepness and rainfall intensity. The soil losses under the natural rainfall were appeared about 38~41% from the coarse straw-mat mulched slopes, about 20~22% from the liquid mulched slopes, about 14~15% from the grass mulched slopes as compared with that of the bare slopes respectively. The soil loss from the vegetation plots showed about 7.1~16.4 times from the sparse plot, about 10.0~17.9 times from the moderate plot and about 11.1~28.1 times from the dense plot as compared with that of the bare slopes. 4. Magnitudes of influences and interactions of the individual factor on the soil erosion. The experimental analyses on the major factors(soils, slopes, rainfalls, mulchings and vegetations) affecting the soil erosion, show that the mean differences of soil losses are highly significant between the soil texture factors, among the slope steepness factors, among the rainfall intensity factors, among the mulching method factors and among the vegetation density factors respectively. The interactions among the individual factor have mostly great influences upon the soil erosion. The magnitude of influences of three factors (soils, slopes and rainfalls) affecting the soil erosion on the bare slopes under the simulated rainfall is in order of the factor of rainfalls, soils and slopes. On the mulched slopes under the simulated rainfall, the magnitude order of influences of three factors(soils, rainfalls and mulchings) affecting the soil erosion is the factor of mulchings, rainfalls and soils, and the order of influences of factor of soils, slopes and mulchings is the factor of mulchings, soils and slopes. On the vegetation growing slopes under the simulated rainfall, the magnitude of influences of three factors (soils, slopes and vegetations) affecting the soil erosion is in the order of the factor of slopes. vegetations and soils. In the same condition of treatments on the field experiment under the natural rainfall, the order of magnitude of influences of three factors (soils, slopes and mulchings) affecting the soil erosion is the factor of mulchings, of slopes and of soils.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.470-478
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• 2017

This study was classified into two groups, normal season group and drought season group, by the cluster analysis using the weather and water quality data from 2012 to 2015, using SPSS 18 version. Also each cluster was classified into three spaces, Gangcheon, Yeoju and Ipoh weir. We performed the multiple regression analysis with each monthly data that concentration of Chl-a was more than algae warming level. 6 groups classified in time and space were analyzed by the correlation analysis between concentration of Chl-a and 3 weather, 11 water quality and discharge factors. We developed Chl-a prediction equations of each group with independent variables of the multiple regression analysis applying to the correlation result. The result of cluster analysis was that the period was divided into two groups, normal group(2012-2013) that total annual precipitation rate was normal and drought group(2014-2015) that total annual precipitation rate was less than 1,000 mm/hr, in time. The months that concentration of Chl-a was more than algae warming level in each group classified by cluster analysis were that the normal group was 3~8 and drought group was 3 and 6~10. The correlation result between Chl-a and weather, water quality and discharge factors for each 6 group was that relationships between Chl-a and water, discharge factors were high in the drought group more than in normal group at all weirs. This was influenced by velocity reduction and increasing HRT according to the intense drought. Weather, water quality and discharge factors that were high correlation with Chl-a were applied to independent variables of Chl-a prediction equations and each equations were developed. Among them, Each adjusted R square of Prediction equations for Chl-a in each group at Ipoh weir where is located in Namhan river downstream and is directly connected to Paldang dam were normal group = 0.920 and drought group = 0.818. It's showed the high linear.