• Title/Summary/Keyword: Three-dimensional absolute displacement

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터널 3차원 절대변위 해석기법을 이용한 막장전방지반 예측 (Prediction of Ground Condition Changes Ahead of Tunnel Face Using Three-Dimensional Absolute Displacement Analysis)

  • 방준호;한일영
    • 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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    • 제8권2호
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    • pp.101-113
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    • 2006
  • 안정된 암반에 터널을 굴착하는 경우 아칭효과에 의해 막장주변에 응력재배치가 발생하고 터널 막장 전방에 연약대가 존재하는 경우 응력재배치가 충분히 이루어지지 않아 막장과 연약대 사이의 응력집중으로 인해 변위가 발생하게 된다. 만일 막장에 근접하여 측점에서 종방향, 횡방향, 연직방향의 3차원 절대좌표가 측정되는 경우 막장전방의 지반거동이 반영된 3차원 절대변위가 산정되고, 이러한 3차원 절대변위의 분석을 통해 막장전방의 지반조건을 예측할 수 있게 된다. 본 연구에서는 4개 현장에서 측정된 3차원 변위비의 경향선과 천단침하의 영향선/경향선 분석을 실시하여 연약대 위치를 추정하였고, 3차원 절대변위의 분석에 의해 추정된 연약대 위치를 동일한 구간에서의 TSP탐사로 추정된 연약대 위치와 비교함으로써 3차원 절대변위 해석기법의 현장 적용성을 검증하였다.

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Effect of spatial characteristics of a weak zone on tunnel deformation behavior

  • Yoo, Chungsik
    • Geomechanics and Engineering
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    • 제11권1호
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    • pp.41-58
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    • 2016
  • This paper focuses on the deformation behavior of tunnels crossing a weak zone in conventional tunneling. A three-dimensional finite element model was adopted that allows realistic modeling of the tunnel excavation and the support installation. Using the 3D FE model, a parametric study was conducted on a number of tunneling cases with emphasis on the spatial characteristics of the weak zone such as the strike and dip angle, and on the initial stress state. The results of the analyses were thoroughly examined so that the three-dimensional tunnel displacements at the tunnel crown and the sidewalls can be related to the spatial characteristic of the weak zone as well as the initial stress state. The results indicate that the effectiveness of the absolute displacement monitoring data as early warning indicators depends strongly on the spatial characteristics of the weak zone. It is also shown that proper interpretation of the absolute monitoring data can provide not only early warning for a weak zone outside the excavation area but also information on the orientation and the extent of the weak zone. Practical implications of the findings are discussed.

터널 3차원 내공변위의 해석을 통한 막장전방 지반상태변화 예측 (Prediction of Change in Ground Condition Ahead of Tunnel Face Using Three-dimensional Convergence Analysis)

  • 김기선;김영섭;유광호;박연준;이대혁
    • 터널과지하공간
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    • 제13권6호
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    • pp.476-485
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    • 2003
  • 본 연구의 목적은 막장전방에 파쇄대가 존재할 때 터널 3차원 내공변위를 여러 가지 방법으로 해석하여 변위의 변화 경향을 밝히고 지질변화를 예측하는 계측해석기법을 제시하는 것이다. 안정된 지하 암반에 터널을 굴착하게 되면, 터널 막장면을 포함한 무지보 굴착면 주위에 3차원적인 하중전이 현상이 나타나는데 막장 전방의 지반 상태가 변화하거나 연약 파쇠대층이 존재하면 특정한 변위 경향을 보이는 것으로 기존 연구결과 알려져 있다. 터널 천단부 축방향 변위/수직변위 비 등으로부터 터널 막장 전방에서 지반의 강성이 변화하는 불연속면의 존재를 예측할 수 있다. 그러므로, 시공중인 터널 내에서 3차원 절대 내공 변위를 측정하여 본 연구에서 제시된 계측해석 기법을 적용하면 터널 막장 전방의 지층변화나 파쇄대층의 존재를 사전에 예측할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

지상사진에 의한 삼차원변형측량의 신뢰성 분석(기이) (Reliability Analysis of the Three-Dimensional Deformation Measurement by Terrestrial Photogrammetry)

  • 유복모;유환희;이용희
    • 한국측량학회지
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    • 제6권1호
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    • pp.35-41
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    • 1988
  • 지상사진에 의한 삼차원변형해석을 하는데 있어서 변위양계산의 정확도를 향상시키기 위해 반복경증률 상사변환법이 사용되었으며, 변위점검출에서는 Bayesian Inference가 적용되었고, 변위형태해석을 위해 변위방정식을 이용하는 방법을 제시하였다. 그 결과 변위양계산에서는 최소절대법($\Sigma$$\mid$d$\mid$⇒min)에 의한 경중률조건이 정확도를 향상시켰으며, 또한 Bayesian Inference을 적용하므로써 정확한 변위점검출을 할 수 있었다. 변위형태해석에서는 최적변위방정식을 이용하여 대상들의 전체 또는 부분적인 움직임을 해석할 수 있었다.

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Interactive analysis of a building fame resting on pile foundation

  • Chore, H.S.
    • Coupled systems mechanics
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    • 제3권4호
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    • pp.367-384
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    • 2014
  • The study deals with the physical modeling of a typical single storeyed building frame resting on pile foundation and embedded in cohesive soil mass using the finite element based software SAP-IV. Two groups of piles comprising two and three piles, with series and parallel arrangement thereof, are considered. The slab provided at top and bottom of the frame along with the pile cap is idealized as four noded and two dimensional thin shell elements. The beams and columns of the frame, and piles are modeled using two noded one dimensional beam-column element. The soil is modeled using closely spaced discrete linear springs. A parametric study is carried out to investigate the effect of various parameters of the pile foundation, such as spacing in a group and number of piles in a group, on the response of superstructure. The response considered includes the displacement at the top of the frame and bending moment in columns. The soil-structure interaction effect is found to increase the displacement in the range of 38 -133% and to increase the absolute maximum positive and negative moments in the column in the range of 2-12% and 2-11%. The effect of the soil- structure interaction is observed to be significant for the type of foundation and soil considered in this study. The results obtained are compared further with those of Chore et al. (2010), wherein different idealizations were used for modeling the superstructure frame and sub-structure elements (foundation). While fair agreement is observed in the results in either study, the trend of the results obtained in both studies is also same.

터널 막장 전방의 지반 변화 예측을 위한 해석기법에 관한 연구 (A study on analysis method for the prediction of changes in ground condition ahead of the tunnel face)

  • 김영섭;김찬동;정용찬;이재성;유광호
    • 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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    • 제6권1호
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    • pp.71-83
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    • 2004
  • 본 연구의 목적은 막장전방에 연약대가 존재할 때 터널 3차원 내공변위를 여러 가지 방법으로 해석하여 변위의 발생경향을 밝히고 지질변화를 예측하는 해석기법을 제시하는 것이다. 안정된 지하 암반에 터널을 굴착하게 되면, 터널 막장면을 포함한 무지보 굴착면 주위에 3차원적인 하중전이 현상이 나타나는데 막장 전방의 지반 상태가 변화하거나 연약대가존재하면 특정한 변위 경향을 보이는 것이 3차원 계측 및 수치해석결과 확인되었다. 그러므로, 시공중인 터널 내에서 3차원 절대 내공 변위를 측정하여 본 연구에서 제시된 계측해석 기법 (L/C비, $C/C_o$ 등)을 적용하면 터널 막장 전방의 지층변화나 연약대의 존재를 사전에 예측할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

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Effects of the isolation parameters on the seismic response of steel frames

  • Deringol, Ahmet H.;Bilgin, Huseyin
    • Earthquakes and Structures
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    • 제15권3호
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    • pp.319-334
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    • 2018
  • In this paper, an analytical study was carried out to propose an optimum base-isolated system for the design of steel structures equipped with lead rubber bearings (LRB). For this, 5 and 10-storey steel moment resisting frames (MRFs) were designed as Special Moment Frame (SMF). These two-dimensional and three-bay frames equipped with a set of isolation systems within a predefined range that minimizes the response of the base-isolated frames subjected to a series of earthquakes. In the design of LRB, two main parameters, namely, isolation period (T) and the ratio of strength to weight (Q/W) supported by isolators were considered as 2.25, 2.5, 2.75 and 3 s, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15, respectively. The Force-deformation behavior of the isolators was modelled by the bi-linear behavior which could reflect the nonlinear characteristics of the lead-plug bearings. The base-isolated frames were modelled using a finite element program and those performances were evaluated in the light of the nonlinear time history analyses by six natural accelerograms compatible with seismic hazard levels of 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years. The performance of the isolated frames was assessed in terms of roof displacement, relative displacement, interstorey drift, absolute acceleration, base shear and hysteretic curve.

Interaction analysis of a building frame supported on pile groups

  • Dode, P.A.;Chore, H.S.;Agrawal, D.K.
    • Coupled systems mechanics
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    • 제3권3호
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    • pp.305-318
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    • 2014
  • The study deals with the physical modeling of a typical building frame resting on pile foundation and embedded in cohesive soil mass using complete three-dimensional finite element analysis. Two different pile groups comprising four piles ($2{\times}2$) and nine piles ($3{\times}3$) are considered. Further, three different pile diameters along with the various pile spacings are considered. The elements of the superstructure frame and those of the pile foundation are descretized using twenty-node isoparametric continuum elements. The interface between the pile and pile and soil is idealized using sixteen-node isoparametric surface elements. The current study is an improved version of finite element modeling for the soil elements compared to the one reported in the literature (Chore and Ingle 2008). The soil elements are discretized using eight-, nine- and twelve-node continuum elements. Both the elements of superstructure and substructure (i.e., foundation) including soil are assumed to remain in the elastic state at all the time. The interaction analysis is carried out using sub-structure approach in the parametric study. The total stress analysis is carried out considering the immediate behaviour of the soil. The effect of various parameters of the pile foundation such as spacing in a group and number piles in a group, along with pile diameter, is evaluated on the response of superstructure. The response includes the displacement at the top of the frame and bending moment in columns. The soil-structure interaction effect is found to increase displacement in the range of 58 -152% and increase the absolute maximum positive and negative moments in the column in the range of 14-15% and 26-28%, respectively. The effect of the soil- structure interaction is observed to be significant for the configuration of the pile groups and the soil considered in the present study.

막장전방의 연약층이 터널 3차원변위 및 막장 수평변위에 미치는 영향 (Influence of Weak Ground Ahead of the Tunnel Face on 3D-displacement and Face Extrusion)

  • Jeon, Je-Sung
    • 한국지반공학회논문집
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    • 제19권6호
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    • pp.189-206
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    • 2003
  • 터널시공 중, 터널자체의 안정성 확보와 주변지반 및 인접 구조물의 안정성 확보를 위한 체계화된 계측관리는 매우 중요한 사항이라고 할 수 있는데, 지반조건이 불리한 도심지 터널공사나 지반조건이 급격하고 빈번하게 변화하는 경우에 있어서는 그 중요성이 더욱 증대되는 것이 사실이다. 최근 오스트리아에서는, 임의 시점에 대한 절대변위를 계측하고 분석하는 기존의 방법 대신, Geodetic을 이용한 각 시공단계별 상대변위의 계측 및 분석방법이 널리 증가하고 있는데, 이를 통해 지반조건의 급격한 변화 예측 및 이에 상응하는 굴착방법과 지보방식의 변경등이 용이해지고 있다. 한편, 지반의 변위는 막장 굴착이 시공되기 이전부터 발행하기 시작하므로 막장 전방의 응력상태는 향후 변위 진행과정에 있어 매우 중요한 요소라 할 수 있다. 즉, 막장 전방의 강성이나 응력상태는 굴착 후의 장기적인 터널안정성 및 인접 구조물의 안정성 확보와 관련된 주요 변수라 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 이와 관련된 다양한 조건에 대한 3차원 변위해석을 실시하였으며, 그 결과를 통해 터널 굴착시의 수직변위 및 벡터회전, 막장면 변위 등의 변화를 살펴보았다.

Non linear soil structure interaction of space frame-pile foundation-soil system

  • Chore, H.S.;Ingle, R.K.;Sawant, V.A.
    • Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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    • 제49권1호
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    • pp.95-110
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    • 2014
  • The study deals with physical modeling of space frame-pile foundation and soil system using finite element models. The superstructure frame is analyzed using complete three-dimensional finite element method where the component of the frame such as slab, beam and columns are descretized using 20 node isoparametric continuum elements. Initially, the frame is analyzed assuming the fixed column bases. Later the pile foundation is worked out separately wherein the simplified models of finite elements such as beam and plate element are used for pile and pile cap, respectively. The non-linear behaviour of soil mass is incorporated by idealizing the soil as non-linear springs using p-y curve along the lines similar to that by Georgiadis et al. (1992). For analysis of pile foundation, the non-linearity of soil via p-y curve approach is incorporated using the incremental approach. The interaction analysis is conducted for the parametric study. The non-linearity of soil is further incorporated using iterative approach, i.e., secant modulus approach, in the interaction analysis. The effect the various parameters of the pile foundation such as spacing in a group and configuration of the pile group is evaluated on the response of superstructure owing to non-linearity of the soil. The response included the displacement at the top of the frame and bending moment in columns. The non-linearity of soil increases the top displacement in the range of 7.8%-16.7%. However, its effect is found very marginal on the absolute maximum moment in columns. The hogging moment decreases by 0.005% while sagging moment increases by 0.02%.