• 한국추진공학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.47-55
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• 2018

축 대칭 형상의 핀틀 노즐에서 3차원 효과 여부를 파악하기 위하여 3차원 수치해석을 수행하였다. 초음속 노즐을 통해 배출되는 압축성 유동을 정확히 예측하기 위해 k-${\omega}$ SST 난류 모델에 압축성 보정 모델을 결합하였다. 핀틀의 전단과 후단에서 재순환 영역이 관찰되었으며, 노즐을 통해 분출되는 유동은 복잡한 충격파 구조를 형성하였다. 각 핀틀 위치에서 2차원 축대칭과 3차원의 수치해석 결과를 실험데이터와 비교해 볼 때 3차원 결과가 접선 방향 유동의 3차원 효과로 인해 유동 박리 위치와 박리로 인한 압력 상승 변화과정을 정확히 예측하였다.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.93-102
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• 2000

The objective of the present study is to investigate the pressure-strain correlation terms of the Reynolds stress models for the three dimensional turbulent boundary layer in a $30^{\circ}$ bend tunnel. The numerical results obtained by models of Launder, Reece and Rodi (LRR) , Fu and Speziale, Sarkar and Gatski (SSG) for the pressure-strain correlation terms are compared against experimental data and the calculated results from the standard k-${\varepsilon}$ model. The governing equations are discretized by the finite volume method and SIMPLE algorithm is used to calculate the pressure field. The results show that the models of LRR and SSG predict the anisotropy of turbulent structure better than the standard k-${\varepsilon}$ model. Also, the results obtained from the LRR and SSG models are in better agreement with the experimental data than those of the Fu and standard k-${\varepsilon}$ models with regard to turbulent normal stresses. Nevertheless, LRR and SSG models do not effectively predict pressure-strain redistribution terms in the inner layer because the pressure-strain terms are based on the locally homogeneous approximation. Therefore, to give better predictions of the pressure-strain terms, non-local effects should be considered.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.229-235
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• 2014

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess artifacts induced by metallic restorations in three-dimensional (3D) dental surface models derived by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: Fifteen specimens, each with four extracted human premolars and molars embedded in a plaster block, were scanned by CBCT before and after the cavitated second premolars were restored with dental amalgam. Five consecutive surface models of each specimen were created according to increasing restoration size: no restoration (control) and small occlusal, large occlusal, disto-occlusal, and mesio-occluso-distal restorations. After registering each restored model with the control model, maximum linear discrepancy, area, and intensity of the artifacts were measured and compared. Results: Artifacts developed mostly on the buccal and lingual surfaces. They occurred not only on the second premolar but also on the first premolar and first molar. The parametric values increased significantly with increasing restoration size. Conclusions: Metallic restorations induce considerable artifacts in 3D dental surface models. Artifact reduction should be taken into consideration for a proper diagnosis and treatment planning when using 3D surface model derived by CBCT in dentofacial deformity patients.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2010년도 추계 학술발표회
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• pp.173-183
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• 2010

Numerical analysis using a three dimensional finite element program(ABAQUS) is a powerful method which can evaluate the soil-pile-structure interaction under the dynamic loading and reduce the computation time significantly, but has not be widely used because modeling a soil-pile system and setting the parameter for the entire model are difficult and a three dimensional finite element program is not user friendly. However, a three dimensional finite element program is expected to be widely used because of advance in research of modeling technique and development of the modeling and visualization. In this study, ABAQUS is used to simulate the 1g shaking table model pile test, and the numerical results are compared with the 1g shaking table test results. The application about the soil stiffness and boundary condition change is estimated and then parametric study for various input acceleration amplitudes, various input frequencies, and various surcharge is carried out.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.57-62
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• 1987

본 연구에서는 8-node cubic element로서 3차원 흉부모델을 구성하였고 또한 3차원 정상상태 유한요소법 코드를 FORTRAN을 이용하여 개발하였다. 프로그램의 출력은 각 node의 전위. 각 요소의 전ㄹ. 그리고 Z축방향으로의 각 층에서 총 전류이다. 이 흉부모델을 이용한 임피던스혈량측정법에서의 기초임피던스 ($Z_0$)를 계산하였다. 일반화된 라플라스 방정식을 정전위와 무전속 경계조건을 적용하여 풀었다. 또한, 전극간의 전위차와 $Z_0$의 계산값이 실측치와 근접하였으므로 이 모델이 인체의 흉뷰화 유사함을 확인하였다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.503-515
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• 2018

In this research, the three-dimensional structural and colorimetrical modeling of yarn-dyed woven fabrics was conducted based on the Kubelka-Munk theory (K-M theory) for their accurate color predictions. In the K-M theory for textile color formulation, the absorption and scattering coefficients, denoted K and S, respectively, of a colored fabric are represented using those of the individual colorants or color components used. One-hundred forty woven fabric samples were produced in a wide range of structures and colors using red, yellow, green, and blue yarns. Through the optimization of previous two-dimensional color prediction models by considering the key three-dimensional structural parameters of woven fabrics, three three-dimensional K/S-based color prediction models, that is, linear K/S, linear log K/S, and exponential K/S models, were developed. To evaluate the performance of the three-dimensional color prediction models, the color differences, ${\Delta}L^*$, ${\Delta}C^*$, ${\Delta}h^{\circ}$, and ${\Delta}E_{CMC(2:1)}$, between the predicted and the measured colors of the samples were calculated as error values and then compared with those of previous two-dimensional models. As a result, three-dimensional models have proved to be of substantially higher predictive accuracy than two-dimensional models in all lightness, chroma, and hue predictions with much lower ${\Delta}L^*$, ${\Delta}C^*$, ${\Delta}h^{\circ}$, and the resultant ${\Delta}E_{CMC(2:1)}$ values.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.161-171
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• 2006

본 논문은 고정과 자유 경계의 다양한 조합을 갖는 직사각형 복합적층판의 고유진동에하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 수학적으로 완전한 특성직교다항식으로 표현되는 근사변위와 Ritz법을 이용하여 Lagrange 범함수의 정상값을 구하였다. 3차원 모델의 정확성이 무차원 진동수의 수렴도를 검토하여 이루어졌으며, 또한 기존 문헌상의 해석결과와의 비교를 통하여 진동수의 정확성을 검토하였다. 본 논문에서 제시된 3차원 진동수의 결과를 이용하여 복합적층판의 기하 및 재료에 관한 매개변수 즉, 형상비(${\mathcal{a/b}}$), 폭두께비(${\mathcal{a/h}}$), 재료의 직교이방성, 플라이 수(${\mathcal{N}}$), 섬유배향각(${\theta}$) 및 적층순서가 미치는 효과를 설명하였다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제26권5A호
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• pp.841-848
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• 2006

PSC 박스거더 교량의 격벽(diaphragm)은 프리스트레스에 의해 큰 집중하중이 가해지기 때문에 응력의 분포가 매우 교란되며 격벽에 발생하는 과도한 균열은 격벽의 거동을 매우 복잡하게 만든다. AASHTO 설계기준에 따르면 집중 긴장하중에 의한 3차원 효과는 3차원 모델을 이용하거나, 둘 혹은 그 이상의 평면으로 분리된 하위모델(submodel)을 사용하여 근사적으로 계산하는 방법을 허용하고 있다. 이때 하위모델은 각 방향에 대하여 독립적으로 결정할 수 있으나 모델 간의 상호작용이 고려되어야 하며 일관성이 있어야 한다. 그러나 외부 긴장재의 정착을 위한 격벽은 2차원 문제로 간주하기 어려운 3차원 응력교란영역(disturbed region) 구조물이며, 2차원 모델을 이용하여 격벽에 작용하는 힘의 흐름을 표현하는 것은 만족한 결과를 주지 못한다. 본 연구에서는 3차원 응력교란영역 구조부재의 해석/설계를 위해 제안된 컴퓨터에 기반한 3차원 격자 스트럿-타이 모델 방법을 이용하여 Texas대학교에서 실험, 파괴된 PSC 박스거더 격벽의 1/2 축소 모형을 해석하였다. 그리고 그 결과를 기존의 연구결과 및 실험결과와 비교하여 제안된 방법의 타당성과 정확성을 평가함으로서, 포스트텐션 정착부 및 격벽부 설계를 위한 합리적인 컴퓨터 기반의 설계방법을 제시하였다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.888-895
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• 2022

Lately, ocean nuclear power plants have attracted attention as one of diverse uses of nuclear power plants. Because ocean nuclear power plants are movable or transportable, it is necessary to analyze the thermal hydraulics in a moving frame of reference, and computer codes have been developed to predict thermal hydraulics in large moving systems. The purpose of this study is to incorporate a three dimensional dynamic motion model into the SPACE code (Safety and Performance Analysis CodE) so that the code is able to analyze thermal hydraulics in an ocean nuclear power plant. A rotation system that describes three-dimensional rotations about an arbitrary axis was implemented, and modifications were made to the one-dimensional momentum equations to reflect the rectilinear and rotational acceleration effects. To demonstrate the code's ability to solve a problem utilizing a rotational frame of reference, code calculations were conducted on various conceptual problems in the two-dimensional and three-dimensional pipeline loops. In particular, the code results for the three-dimensional pipeline loop with a tilted rotation axis agreed well with the multi-dimensional CFD results.

• Architectural research
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.15-23
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• 2009

An application of the constrained adaptive topology optimization (CATO) algorithm is described for three-dimensional topology optimization of engineering structures. The enhanced assumed strain lower order solid finite element (FE) is used to evaluate the values of objective and constraint functions required in optimization process. The strain energy (SE) terms such as elastic and modal SEs are employed as the objective function to be minimized and the initial volume of structures is introduced as the constraint function. The SIMP model is adopted to facilitate the material redistribution and also to produce clearer and more distinct structural topologies. The linearly weighted objective function is introduced to consider both static and dynamic characteristics of structures. Several numerical tests are tackled and it is used to investigate the performance of the proposed three-dimensional topology optimization process. From numerical results, it is found to be that the CATO algorithm is easy to implement and extremely applicable to produce the reasonable optimum topologies for three dimensional optimization problems.