• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.357-362
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• 2005

The aim of this study is to elucidate the effect of keratinase on epidermis of rat skin. Twenty-five male Sprague-Dolly rats were used. The hair on the back were removed and $2{\times}2cm$ area was marked. The rats were divided five groups; 1) Control group(Co), 2) Cleansing gel group(Cl), 3) Cleansing gel+keratinase group, 4) Exfoliant gel group(Ex), and 5) Exfoliant gel+ keratinase group(Ex+K). The solutions were applied to the back area twice a day for five days. On fifth day, the skins were harvested, fixed and prepared for histologic sections. The thickness of keratin layer, living epidermis, dermis, and cell layer number of living epidermis were measured. In the group containing keratinase(Cl+K, Ex+K), the thickness of keratin layer and living layer were thinner than other groups. However, there were no significant differences of the cell layer number of living epidermis and thickness of the dermis among the five groups. We think the keratinase may have the effect thinning the keratin layer as well as the thickness of living epidermis, without effecting the living cell and dermal component. The keratinase containing soap may be of benefit to remove the excess keratin layers in human.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.710-715
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• 2004

The effect of microstructural features on ductility of cold drawn pearlitic steels containing 0.52 ～ 0.92 wt%C was investigated. During wire drawing, reduction of area (Rh) increased initially with the progressive realignment of randomly oriented cementite, showed a maximum peak due to the completion of the alignment of most cementite, and decreased with thinning or fragmentation of the aligned cementite. Among factors on ductility, cementite thickness was found to be the most dominant microstructural feature for Rh of drawn pearlitic wires, regardless of transformation temperature and carbon content in steels.

• 셀메드
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• 제13권13호
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• pp.50.1-50.5
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• 2023

Objective: A case study on improvement of alopecia through OCNT. Methods: 62-year-old woman suffering from alopecia symptoms and thinning hair due to stress and overwork after her marriage. Results: Hair got thicker following the implementation of nutrition therapy with improvement of alopecia symptoms at the crown and lateral aspects of the head. Conclusion: Nutrition therapy can be helpful in promoting hair growth and increase in hair thickness for patients displaying alopecia symptoms.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회B
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• pp.2449-2452
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• 2007

Hot spots on thin wafers of IC packages are becoming important issues in thermal and electrical engineering fields. To investigate these hot spots, we developed a Diode Temperature Sensor Array (DTSA) that consists of an array of 32 ${\times}$32 diodes (1,024 diodes) in a 8 mm ${\times}$ 8 mm surface area. To know specifically the hot spot temperature which is affected by the chip thickness and a generated power, we made the DTSA chips, which have 21.5 ${\mu}m$, 31 ${\mu}m$, 42 ${\mu}m$, 100 ${\mu}m$, 200 ${\mu}m$, and 400 ${\mu}m$ thickness using the CMP process. And we conducted the experiment using various heater power conditions (0.2 W, 0.3 W, 0.4 W, 0.5 W). In order to validate experimental results, we performed a numerical simulation. Errors between experimental results and numerical data are less than 4%. Finally, we proposed a correlation for the hot spot temperature as a function of the generated power and the wafer thickness based on the results of the experiment. This correlation can give an easy estimate of the hot spot temperature for flip chip packaging when the wafer thickness and the generated power are given.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.1105-1110
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• 2013

In this paper, a robot arm capable of recognizing and drawing various line thicknesses is developed. Conventional line drawing robots are not capable of adjusting the thickness of lines. However, to draw faster and to enrich the expression of line drawing robots, it is necessary to adjust line thickness using a brush pen. Simple images are acquired and various line thicknesses are recognized by image processing. Trajectories of lines are generated with distance sorting using thinning and corner point detections for each label. Information on line thickness and trajectory is sent to the controller of a robot arm taking into consideration 2D inverse kinematics. Through this process, the robot arm can draw various lines thicknesses along 2D trajectories with 3 motors. Robot arm for detailed drawing will be studied in the future.

• 암석학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.199-208
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• 2010

한반도 중부지역의 백령도, 간성, 아산-평택, 보은 조곡리와 한반도 남부의 제주도 등지의 한반도 여러 곳에 분포하는 신생대 알칼리 현무암에 포함된 초고철질 맨틀 포획암은 대부분 스피넬 러졸라이트이며 이보다 더 깊은 곳에서 안정한 석류석 러졸라이트는 아직 보고된바 없다. 이는 한반도의 암권맨틀 두께가 석류석 러졸라이트가 안정할만한 깊이까지 도달하지는 않음을 시사한다. 한반도 지각의 일부는 시생대로부터 형성된 것으로 볼 수 있기 때문에 약 150 km 이상의 암권 두께를 갖는 것이 정상이지만 맨틀포획암들로부터 보고된 최대 포획깊이는 60-90 km에 불과하다. 정상적인 한반도 암권의 두께에 비하여 현재의 암권두께가 현저하게 얇은 것은 시생대로부터의 지각진화사를 보임에도 불구하고 평균 80 km내외의 암권 두께를 보이는 북중국 크레이톤의 경우와 매우 비슷하다. 따라서 북중국에서 주장된 것처럼 한반도 역시 지질시대를 통해 수십 km에 달하는 암권맨틀의 하부가 떨어져 나갔을 가능성이 제기된다. 암권맨틀의 상당한 손실을 야기한 주요한 지질사건은 한반도의 여러 지역의 선캠브리아 지각들이 공통적으로 나타내는 19-20억년의 고원생대 화성 및 변성작용과 최근에 활발하고 보고되고 있는 중생대초의 대륙충돌 사건을 감안 할 때 북중국 동부지역과 마찬가지로 고원생대와 중생대초의 대륙충돌일 가능성이 매우 높다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2017

In this study, we perform a numerical analysis to predict the film thickness and lubrication regions for a thrust ball bearing under different operating conditions. Film thinning and replenishment affect the film thickness in starved lubrication. As the inlet meniscus position is brought to the edge of the Hertz contact, the thin film thickness is calculated as starved equation. We use a film replenishment model to determine the recovery film thickness between rolling elements. We use a hydrodynamic model to describe film recovery, that results from the effects of surface tension. In this model, we consider the surface tension gradient in fluid depression as the driving force for fluid recovery. We use Fourier transform method to determine the time-dependent depth of depressed oil. We calculate the change in the central film thickness graphically by using the recovery equation in starved elastohydrodynamic lubrication(EHL) under operating conditions that include numbers of balls, sliding velocity, applied force, and ambient film thickness. We evaluate the degree of starvation by using the distance from the center of the contact area to the meniscus position. Parched lubrication, a phenomenon where the film thickness decreases consistently, occurs at the severe condition. We determine optimal values with respect to the numbers of balls, and sliding velocity. The investigation can contribute to the design operating conditions for proper lubrication.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.168-177
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• 2015

Purpose: Brain surface intensity model (BSIM)-based cortical thickness analysis does not require complicated 3D segmentation of brain gray/white matters. Instead, this technique uses the local intensity profile to compute cortical thickness. The aim of the present study was to evaluate intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of BSIM-based cortical thickness analysis using images from elderly participants. Materials and Methods: Fifteen healthy elderly participants (ages, 55-84 years) were included in this study. High-resolution 3D T1-spoiled gradient recalled-echo (SPGR) images were obtained using 3T MRI. BSIM-based processing steps included an inhomogeneity correction, intensity normalization, skull stripping, atlas registration, extraction of intensity profiles, and calculation of cortical thickness. Processing steps were automatic, with the exception of semiautomatic skull stripping. Individual cortical thicknesses were compared to a database indicating mean cortical thickness of healthy adults, in order to produce Z-score thinning maps. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated in order to evaluate inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities. Results: ICCs for intra-rater reliability were excellent, ranging from 0.751-0.940 in brain regions except the right occipital, left anterior cingulate, and left and right cerebellum (ICCs = 0.65-0.741). Although ICCs for inter-rater reliability were fair to excellent in most regions, poor inter-rater correlations were observed for the cingulate and occipital regions. Processing time, including manual skull stripping, was $17.07{\pm}3.43min$. Z-score maps for all participants indicated that cortical thicknesses were not significantly different from those in the comparison databases of healthy adults. Conclusion: BSIM-based cortical thickness measurements provide acceptable intra-rater and inter-rater reliability. We therefore suggest BSIM-based cortical thickness analysis as an adjunct clinical tool to detect cortical atrophy.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.144-149
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• 2007

The superplastic forming/diffusion bonding(SPF/DB) is widely used in the automotive and aerospace industry because it has great advantage to produce complex, light and strong parts. But the superplastic forming process requires much forming time and generates excessive thinning in the thickness distribution of formed part. It is necessary to minimize trial and error for SPF/DB Process. Finite element analysis using $L_{18}$ orthogonal may table of Taguchi method for 3-Sheet D/B process is carried out. Through the study, effect of process parameters, such as DH region size, thickness and friction coefficient, is evaluated and the optimum condition is derived.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2001년도 추계학술대회논문집B
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• pp.59-64
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• 2001

The fluid flow, mass transfer and film thickness variation during a wafer spin coating process are numerically studied. Governing equations for the cylindrical coordinates are simplified using the similarity transformation and solved efficiently using the finite difference method. Concentration dependent viscosity and the binary diffusivity of the coating liquid are used in the analysis. The time variational velocity components of the coating liquid and the film thickness are analyzed according to the various spin speed. When the evaporation is considered, the flow decease in the early times due to the increase of the viscosity and the resultant flow resistance. Effects of the two film thinning mechanism, the flow-out and evaporation are also considered in the analysis.