• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.243-247
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• 2009

This study is purposed to analyze thermodynamic properties on the hydrogen production by ethylene glycol steam reforming. Various reaction conditions of temperatures(300~1,600 K), feed compositions(steam/carbon= 0.5~4.5), and pressures(1~30 atm) were applied to investigate the effects of the reaction conditions on the thermodynamic properties of dimethyl ether steam reforming. An endothermic steam reforming competed with an exothermic water gas shift reaction and an exothermic methanation within the applied reaction condition. Hydrogen production was initiated at the temperature of 400 K and the production rate was promoted at temperatures exceeding 500 K. An increase of steam to carbon ratio(S/C) in feed mixture over 1.0 resulted in the increase of the water gas shift reaction, which lowered the formation of carbon monoxide. The maximum hydrogen yield with minimizing loss of thermodynamic conversion efficiency was achieved at the reaction conditions of a temperature of 900 K and a steam to carbon ratio of 3.0.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.786-794
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• 2022

Green ammonia is a promising renewable energy carrier. Green ammonia can be used in various energy conversion devices (e.g., engine, fuel cell, etc.). Ammonia has to be fed with hydrogen for start-up and failure protection of some energy conversion devices. Ammonia can be converted into hydrogen by decomposition and partial oxidation. Especially, partial oxidation has the advantages of fast start-up, thermally self-sustaining operation and compact size. In this paper, thermodynamics, start-up and operation characteristics of ammonia partial oxidation were investigated. O₂/NH₃ ratio, ammonia flow rate and catalyst volume were varied as operation parameters. In thermodynamic analysis, ammonia conversion was maximized in the O₂/NH₃ range from 0.10 to 0.15. Ammonia partial oxidation reactor was successfully started using 12 V glow plug. At 0.13 of O₂/HN₃ ratio and 10 LPM of ammonia flow rate, ammonia partial oxidation reactor showed 90% of ammonia conversion over commercial Ru catalyst. In addition, Increasing O₂/NH₃ ratio from 0.10 to 0.13 was more effective for high ammonia conversion than increasing catalyst volume at 0.10 of O₂/NH₃.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.372-379
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• 2020

Ammonia-hydrogen dual-fuel engine is a way to reduce greenhouse gas emission because ammonia and hydrogen are carbon-free fuels. In ammonia-hydrogen dual-fuel engine, hydrogen is supplied to improve the combustion characteristic of ammonia. In this study, an ammonia reformer was developed to supply hydrogen for 10 kW class ammonia-hydrogen dual-fuel engine. Thermodynamic characteristic and catalyst were investigated for ammonia reforming. Heat transfer was important for high ammonia conversion of ammonia reformer. 99% of ammonia conversion was obtained when 10 LPM of ammonia and 610℃ of hot gas were supplied to the ammonia reformer.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.80-84
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• 2011

The cycle performance of closed ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) system with 50 kW gross power was evaluated to obtain the basic data for the optimal design of OTEC using waste heat such as solar power, discharged heat from condenser of power plant. The basic thermodynamic model for OTEC is Rankine cycle, and the surface seawater and deep seawater were used for the heat source of evaporator and condenser, respectively. The cycle performance such as efficiency, heat exchanger capacity, etc. was analyzed on the variation of temperature increase by waste heat. The cycle efficiency increased and necessary capacity of evaporator and condenser decreased under 50kW gross power with respect to the temperature increase of working fluid. Also, when the temperature increase is about $13.5^{\circ}C$, the heat which can be used is generated. By generator with 0.9 effectiveness under the simulated condition, the cycle efficiency was improved approximately 3.0% comparing with the basic cycle.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.388-396
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• 2011

The strengthened regulations for atmospheric emissions from ships have caused a necessity of new, alternative power system in ships for the low pollutant emissions and the high energy efficiency. Recently, new kinds of propulsion power system such as fuel cell system, which use hydrogen as an energy source, have been sincerely considered. Fuel conversion system to hydrogen is an essential part for fuel cell ship. We have investigated thermodynamically the steam reforming characteristics of hydrocarbons and alcohols for the fuel conversion systems.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.447-450
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• 2009

2세대 바이오연료 생산에 적용되는 미세 조류의 열화학적 전환 특성을 열천칭 반응기를 이용하여 고찰하였다. 반응 온도 (500 - $800^{\circ}C$)와 수분 함량 (0-60wt.%)을 변수로 하였으며 미세조류로서 가장 널리 이용되는 클로렐라를 이용하였다. 대표적인 열화학적 전환 반응인 열분해, 부분 산화 (5%), 연소 반응을 고찰하였으며 실험 영역에서 반응온도 및 산소의 분압이 증가함에 따라 탄소 전환율이 증가하였으며 Shrinking-core model을 사용하여 반응 차수를 구하였다. 가스화 영역인 부분 산화 (5%) 조건에서의 activation energy와 frequency factor 값은 각각 19.60 kJ/mol, $2.47{\times}10-1\;s^{-1}$ 이었으며 산소 분압에 의한 반응 차수는 0.209 임을 확인하였다. 수분 함량에 따른 클로렐라의 반응 특성을 살펴보면, 수분 함량이 증가함에 따라 탄소 전환율과 반응성이 감소하는 경향이 발견되었다. 열분해의 경우, 건조 시료에 비하여 수분 함량이 늘어남에 따라 탄소 전환율과 반응성이 급격하게 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 반면, 부분 산화(5%) 및 연소의 경우에는 건조 시료, 수분 함량 20, 40% 시료의 탄소 전환율과 반응성은 거의 일정하였다. 그러나 수분 함량이 60%가 되면서 탄소 전환율 및 반응성이 급격히 떨어졌다.

• Solar Energy
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.101-113
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• 1999

Thermodynamic performance of a simple Rankine cycle, regenerative Rankine cycle, and Kalina cycle for Ocean thermal Energy Conversion(OTEC) is evaluated under the same condition with various working fluids. The evaporator and condenser are modeled by a UA and LMTD method while the turbine and pump are modeled by considering isentropic efficiencies. As for the working fluids, R22, R134a, R32, propylene, ammonia are used for the Rankine cycles while ammonia/water and R32/R134a mixtures are used for Kalina cycle. Calculated results show that newly developed fluids such non-ozone depleting refrigerants as R134a and R32 perform as well as R22 and ammonia. The regenerative Rankine cycle showed a 1.2 to 2.8% increase in energy efficiency as compared to the simple Rankine cycle while the Kalina cycle with ammonia/water mixture showed a 1.8% increase in energy efficiency. The efficiency of the Kalina cycle with R32/R134a mixtures is the same as that of a simple Rankine cycle using R22. Therefore, the regenerative Rankine cycle turns out to be best choice for OTEC applications.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.409-414
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• 2009

Novel binol aldehydes derivatized at 2' hydroxy position with both uryl and acetamide groups (2), and diuryl groups (3) have been synthesized. Both were designed for streospecific binding and chirality conversion of general dipeptides with support of multiple hydrogen bonding donor sites in the receptors. The receptors, 2 and 3, converted the chirality of N-terminal amino acids of peptides such as Ala-Gly, Met-Gly, Leu-Gly and His-Gly with stereoselectivity on D-form over L-form. The stereoselectivity ratios were in the range of 5-11, somewhat higher than those of the binol receptor with mono uryl group (1). The DFT calculation at the B3LYP/6-31G$^*$//MPWB1K/6-31G$^*$ level revealed that 3-D-Ala-Gly was 2.2 kcal/mol more stable than 3-L-Ala-Gly. The considerable steric hindrance between the methyl group of the alanine and the imine CH moiety of the receptor seems to be the main contributing factor for the thermodynamic preference.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.469-476
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• 2015

The purpose of this work is to investigate main factors to design a solid-state hydrogen stroage system with magnesium hydride with 10 wt% graphite using numerical simulation tools. The heat transfer characteristic of this material was measured in order to perform the highly reliable simulation for this system. Based on the measured effective thermal conductivity, a transient heat and mass transfer simulation revealed that the total performance of hydrogen storage system is prone to depend on heat and mass transfer behaviors of hydrogen storage medium instead of its inherent kinetic rate for hydrogen adsorption. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the thermodynamic aspect between equlibrium presssure and temperature is one of key factor to design the hydrogen storage system with high performance using magnesium hydride.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.235-247
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• 2020

Simulation study and validation on 50 L/hr pilot-scale Bunsen process was carried out in order to investigate thermodynamics parameters, suitable reactor type, separator configuration, and the optimal conditions of reactors and separation. Sulfur-Iodine is thermochemical process using iodine and sulfur compounds for producing hydrogen from decomposition of water as net reaction. Understanding in phase separation and reaction of Bunsen Process is crucial since Bunsen Process acts as an intermediate process among three reactions. Electrolyte Non-Random Two-Liquid model is implemented in simulation as thermodynamic model. The simulation results are validated with the thermodynamic parameters and the 50 L/hr pilot-scale experimental data. The SO₂ conversions of PFR and CSTR were compared as varying the temperature and reactor volume in order to investigate suitable type of reactor. Impurities in H₂SO₄ phase and HI_X phase were investigated for 3-phase separator (vapor-liquid-liquid) and two 2-phase separators (vapor-liquid & liquid-liquid) in order to select separation configuration with better performance. The process optimization on reactor and phase separator is carried out to find the operating conditions and feed conditions that can reach the maximum SO₂ conversion and the minimum H₂SO₄ impurities in HI_X phase. For reactor optimization, the maximum 98% SO₂ conversion was obtained with fixed iodine and water inlet flow rate when the diameter and length of PFR reactor are 0.20 m and 7.6m. Inlet water and iodine flow rate is reduced by 17% and 22% to reach the maximum 10% SO₂ conversion with fixed temperature and PFR size (diameter: 3/8", length:3 m). When temperature (121℃) and PFR size (diameter: 0.2, length:7.6 m) are applied to the feed composition optimization, inlet water and iodine flow rate is reduced by 17% and 22% to reach the maximum 10% SO₂ conversion.