• KIEAE Journal
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.87-92
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• 2016

Purpose: The objective of this research is to investigate and analyze the relationship between physical residential conditions and occupants' responses in apartment buildings by POE(Post-Occupancy Evaluation). The analysis results from this research will help to identify the indoor residential problems and find design solutions for improving overall residential indoor residential environment. Method: The occupant survey was conducted at four different apartment complex area at Cheongju City, Chungbuk Province, Korea. Combination of unbalanced indoor environmental conditions in residential building had difference of occupants' responses according to occupants' characteristics, such as gender, age, and so on. The survey collected data regarding the occupants' EQ(Environmental Quality) priorities to determine the weight of each environmental-quality factor (lighting, acoustic, thermal and indoor air quality). A paired comparison method was used to determine the weight by comparing the relative importance of the two factors based on occupant's survey response. Result: The output from this research is useful to understand the residential environment, occupants' satisfaction, preference, and identifies the current residential problems and finds an architectural solution in apartment buildings.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2018

With the development of smart grid technology, it has become a hotspot to increase benefits of both residential users and electric power companies through demand response technology and interactive technology. In this paper, the game theory is introduced to the interaction between residential users and an electric company, making a mutually beneficial situation for the two. This paper solves the problem of electricity pricing and load shifting in the interactive behavior by building the game-theoretic process, proposing the interaction strategy and doing the optimization. In the simulation results, the residential users decrease their cost by 11% mainly through shifting the thermal loads and the electric company improves its benefits by 5.6% though electricity pricing. Simulation analysis verifies the validity of the proposed method and shows great revenue for the economy of both sides.

• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2008년 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.479-482
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is a proposal about the flexibility of the performance category to revitalize the "Housing Performance Grading Indication System". This system consists of 5 main performance parts, 14 performance categories and 20 detailed performance lists. 5 main performance parts are Noise and Acoustics(Light-weight impact sound control, heavy-weight impact sound control, sound control of toilet, sound control of party wall), Long-life(flexibility, remodeling & maintenance, durability), Landscape & Indoor Environment(landscape, formaldehyde control& ventilation, daylighting, thermal environment), Welfare & Barrier-free(playground and community center, welfare space, barrier-free design), Fire Safety(fire safety, safe place, fire-resisting quality). The flexibility of the performance category is conformed to Long-life housing related grading and can realize the Long-life housing in response to resident needs about the space rearrangement. Now, The flexibility of the performance category is limited to the evaluation of the private space, that is, the Skeleton evaluation. This study would suggest alternatives to improve uppermost limits through analyzing 60 examples from January 9th 2009 to October 30th 2008. The flexibility of the performance category is possible to estimate not only the Skeleton evaluation but also the Infill evaluation in response to social changes.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.81-98
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• 2024

본 연구는 시민들이 직접 체감하는 더위인 체감더위를 열환경 단위로 설정하여 공간적 요인과의 상관관계를 분석하고 체감더위 예측 모형을 개발하였다. 체감더위를 수집하기 위해 리빙랩이라는 시민 참여형 연구방법론을 적용하여 시민들이 직접 체감더위를 기록하고 주변의 온도를 측정하도록 하였다. 수집한 체감더위 정보의 입력지점에 기반하여 주변 도시공간적 요소를 수집하여 통계 분석을 위한 데이터셋을 구축하였다. 구축한 데이터를 활용하여 로지스틱 회귀분석을 수행하였다. 분석 결과, 기온은 주변 공간환경에 영향을 받으며, 건물 높이, 녹지율, 도로율과 음의 상관관계를 가지고, 기온과 천공률과 양의 상관관계를 가진다고 분석되었다. 또한 도로율, 천공률, 녹지율 순으로 체감더위에 강한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 기후변화 대응을 위한 국지적인 열환경 대책을 마련하기 위한 열환경 평가의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제83권4호
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• pp.551-561
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• 2022

In this paper, the effect of fire conditions according to ISO 834 standard on the behavior of carbon fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) reinforced steel beams coated with gypsum-based mortar has been investigated numerically. To study the efficiency of these beams, 3D coupled temperature-displacement finite element analyzes have been conducted. Mechanical and thermal characteristics of three different parts of composite beams, i.e., steel, CFRP plate, and fireproof coating, were considered as a function of temperature. The interaction between steel and CFRP plate has been simulated employing the adhesion model. The effect of temperature, CFRP plate reinforcement, and the fireproof coating thickness on the deformation of the beams have been analyzed. The results showed that within the first 120 min of fire exposure, increasing the thickness of the fireproof coating from 1 mm to 10 mm reduced the maximum temperature of the outer surface of the steel beam from 380℃ to 270℃. This increase in the thickness of the fireproof layer decreased the rate of growth in the temperature of the steel beam by approximately 30%. Besides excellent thermal resistance and gypsum-based mortar, the studied fireproof coating method could provide better fire resistance for steel structures and thus can be applied to building materials.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.127-135
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• 2018

PURPOSES : This study develops various models that can estimate the pattern of road surface temperature changes using machine learning methods. METHODS : Both a thermal mapping system and weather forecast information were employed in order to collect data for developing the models. In previous studies, the authors defined road surface temperature data as a response, while vehicular ambient temperature, air temperature, and humidity were considered as predictors. In this research, two additional factors-road type and weather forecasts-were considered for the estimation of the road surface temperature change pattern. Finally, a total of six models for estimating the pattern of road surface temperature changes were developed using the MATLAB program, which provides the classification learner as a machine learning tool. RESULTS : Model 5 was considered the most superior owing to its high accuracy. It was seen that the accuracy of the model could increase when weather forecasts (e.g., Sky Status) were applied. A comparison between Models 4 and 5 showed that the influence of humidity on road surface temperature changes is negligible. CONCLUSIONS : Even though Models 4, 5, and 6 demonstrated the same performance in terms of average absolute error (AAE), Model 5 can be considered the optimal one from the point of view of accuracy.

• 분석과학
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.191-200
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• 2009

이 연구는 소형방출챔버와 방출셀을 이용한 총휘발성유기화합물(TVOC) 방출시험결과의 상관성을 규명하여 방출셀을 이용한 액상 건축자재 오염물질 방출시험 방법을 정립하고 활용방안을 제시하기 위한 기초 자료를 확보하고자 수행되었다. 소형방출챔버와 방출셀을 이용한 액상 건축자재 방출시험을 실시하기 위해 방출시험 적합성 여부를 판단하고 최적조건을 확립하기 위하여 방출시험장치, 분석기기에 대한 성능평가를 실시하였다. 방출시험 장치인 소형방출챔버와 방출셀의 배경농도 청정도, 기밀도, 회수율, 분석장치인 열탈착장치 회수율 및 GC/MS 기기재현성, 방법검출한계(MDL) 등을 평가한 결과 방출시험장치와 분석기기의 조건은 안정적이고 재현성과 감도가 양호하여 액상 건축자재에서 방출되는 오염물질에 대한 측정 분석조건이 최적화되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 페인트, 접착제, 실란트로 구성된 40개의 액상 건축자재를 대상으로 소형방출챔버와 방출셀을 이용하여 오염물질 방출시험을 실시한 결과 방출되는 총휘발성유기화합물의 농도는 소형 방출챔버와 방출셀에서 모두 대수정규분포(log normal distribution)하였으며 시험방법차이에 따른 방출량 분포의 차이는 크지 않았다. 또한 방출셀을 이용하여 오염물질 방출시험을 실시하였을 때, 소형방출챔버를 이용하였을 때보다 약 1.35~1.41배 높은 방출량을 나타내었으며 상관계수(r)가 약 0.91~0.97의 범위를 보여 높은 상관성이 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.312-321
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• 2018

한국의 수요자원(Demand Response, DR) 거래시장은 자연재해 또는 예기치 않은 발전소 사고로 인한 전력수급 위기 시 최대수요를 억제하며, 발전소 건설비용 절감 및 운영예비력 확보를 위한 목적으로 운영되고 있다. 수요자원 거래시장에 참여한 수용가는 전력거래소로부터 수요 감축 1시간 전 급전지시를 통보 받으며, 요청된 수요자원 감축을 통하여 기본급과 실적금을 정산 받는다. 본 논문에서는 냉각 시스템과 ESS을 갖춘 수용가가 계시별요금제와 수요자원 거래시장에 동시 참여 시, 최적 운영계획 수립을 위한 DR 에너지관리 알고리즘을 제안 하였다. 제안된 알고리즘은 주위온도 예측오차가 있는 전일 운영 스케줄링과 DR 운영일 리스케줄링의 두 가지 운영 스케줄링으로 구성된다. 전일 운영 스케줄링의 경우, 냉각 시스템, ESS의 운영스케줄링은 과거 주위온도 데이터를 기반으로 생성된 주위온도 시나리오와 불확실한 DR감축 시나리오에 의해 결정된다. 또한 DR 운영일에 대한 리스케줄링은 수용가의 DR 수익과 건물내부 열괘적성이 보장되며 제안된 방법은 혼합정수 선형 프로그래밍(Mixed Integer Linear Programming, MILP)에 의해 기대 에너지 비용을 최소화한다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제58권5호
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• pp.757-781
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• 2016

The results of diagnostics and analysis of an industrial hall located on the premises of a thermal power plant severely damaged by fire are presented in the paper. The comprehensive failure-related diagnostics, non-destructive and destructive tests of steel and concrete materials, geodetic surveying of selected structural members, numerical modelling, static analysis and reliability assessment were focused on two basic goals: The determination of the current technical condition of the load bearing structure and the assessment of its post fire resistance as well as assessing the degree of damage and subsequent design of reconstruction measures and arrangements which would enable the safe and reliable use of the building. The current mechanical properties of the steel material obtained from the tests and measured geometric characteristics of the structural members with imperfections were employed in finite element models to study the post-fire behaviour of the structure. In order to compare the behaviour of the numerically modelled steel roof truss, subjected to the effects of fire, with the real post-fire response of the damaged structure theoretically obtained resistance, critical temperature and the time at which the structure no longer meets the required reliability criteria under its given loading are compared with real values. A very good agreement between the simulated results and real characteristics of the structure after the fire was observed.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.223-227
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• 2010

Recently, one-dimensional semiconducting nanomaterials have attracted considerable interest for their potential as building blocks for fabricating various nanodevices. Among these semiconducting nanomaterials,, $SnO_2$ nanostructures including nanowires, nanorods, nanobelts, and nanotubes were successfully synthesized and their electrochemical properties were evaluated. Although $SnO_2$ nanowires and nanobelts exhibit fascinating gas sensing characteristics, there are still significant difficulties in using them for device applications. The crucial problem is the alignment of the nanowires. Each nanowire should be attached on each die using arduous e-beam or photolithography, which is quite an undesirable process in terms of mass production in the current semiconductor industry. In this study, a simple process for making sensitive $SnO_2$ nanowire-based gas sensors by using a standard semiconducting fabrication process was studied. The nanowires were aligned in-situ during nanowire synthesis by thermal CVD process and a nanowire network structure between the electrodes was obtained. The $SnO_2$ nanowire network was floated upon the Si substrate by separating an Au catalyst between the electrodes. As the electric current is transported along the networks of the nanowires, not along the surface layer on the substrate, the gas sensitivities could be maximized in this networked and floated structure. By varying the nanowire density and the distance between the electrodes, several types of nanowire network were fabricated. The $NO_2$ gas sensitivity was 30~200 when the $NO_2$ concentration was 5~20ppm. The response time was ca. 30~110 sec.