• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.2833-2839
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• 2016

Background: Tobacco use among youth is a major public health problem. Youth outside of formal school settings are often understudied but may be at increased risk. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 326 young people aged 15-24 years in four randomly selected motor parks in Lagos state. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. Results: The mean age of the respondents was $21.0{\pm}2.3yrs$. Many 252 (77.3%) dropped out before the end of the third year of secondary schooling. The majority were aware that active (78.2%), and passive smoking (77.3%) are harmful to health. Nearly two-thirds of the respondents disagreed with an outright ban of cigarettes (63.2%) and restriction of cigarette sales to persons below 18 years (67.9%) while 254 (66.8%) supported a ban on tobacco smoking in enclosed public places. One hundred and fifty (46.0%) respondents had experimented with smoking of which 106 (32.5%) had progressed to become current smokers. Half of the current smokers, 54 (50.9%), felt the need for a cigarette first thing in the morning. A multivariate analysis for smoking initiation, showed that for every increasing year of age, respondents were 1.08 times more likely to have initiated cigarette smoking; males and respondents who lived alone or with peers were 2.34 times and 1.77 times more likely to have initiated smoking respectively; those who consume alcohol and marijuana were 7.27 and 1.89 times respectively more likely to have initiated smoking while those who consumed alcohol were 6.17 times more likely to be current smokers.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.154-163
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• 2013

Current principles of designating a smoking area within a non-smoking area rely on mere compartmentalization. This causes non-smokers aversion against smokers and smokers complaints about anti-smoking policies, which means both of them are not satisfied with the current scheme. In addition, such a system, far from the original intent of the law, does not provide appropriate respect for people's rights. The biggest problem of the current scheme is that smoking areas are not separated from non-smoking areas. Japan has continued installing independent smoking areas since 2002 and witnessed a decrease in the smoking rate. The country's success is attributable to: the state's active intervention in connection with enterprises; continuous environmental improvements and creation of goods; 'smoking etiquette' campaigns; and the sociality and group consciousness of Japanese people. It is recognized that the synergy of the designation of independent smoking areas and such multi-faceted efforts has led to the nation's accomplishment. Hence, it is required to install independent smoking areas in non-smoking areas in Seoul in order to respect the rights of smokers and non-smokers and resolve conflicts between them. It is not suitable to merely model after Japan's case, however, studies and guidelines that are tailored to Korea's own environment and social atmosphere are required. To ensure that the people recognize the necessity for smoking areas, a social consensus is formed and proper smoking areas are established in a systemic manner, a system for that purpose should connote a symbol of the social consensus and consequent guidelines should take physical elements, human activities and semantic assignment into consideration. This study aims to present basic guidelines to install separated smoking areas, which will keep distance between smokers and non-smokers, form a social consensus and establish a sound smoking culture. These would ensure that the rights of both smokers and non-smokers are fully respected and that government policies are trusted by the people.

• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제33권12호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2017

Through various media, damage of both smoking and second-hand smoking has been recognized, and brought global scale of interest in antismoking. In Korea, government has tightened regulations of smoking in non-smoking zone since December, 1980, and after National Health Promotion Act in 1995, non-smoking zone has been gradually expanded. On the other hand, there were law suits to find those regulation towards smokers are either unconstitutional or not for 4 times. In this current state, people need smoking area to prevent second-hand smoking and to consider smokers in multi-unit dwelling. Main purpose of this research is to plan smoking spaces based on various typology of multi-dwelling plan for protection of both smokers and non-smokers' right. The research group collected and analyzed the smoking behaviors in various multi-unit dwelling types such as flat type, tower type, hybrid type and others. Based on those data, the group found three phenomena. First, there are internal regulations in multi-unit dwelling to make non-smoking zone based on National Health Promotion Act and resident representative meeting decision. Second, main smoking activities are occurring at major traffic line and entrances. Third, smoking inside of multi-unit dwelling complex causes second-hand smoking to residents live in $1^{st}$ floor and when they enter. Therefore, one can achieve both smokers' and non-smokers' protection of right by creating a designated smoking space near main entrances of multi-unit dwelling complex to consider smokers' and prevents second-hand smoking by using shaft space, which is in core space, to ventilate tobacco smoke through roof.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.36-44
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of follow-up support in the adolescent smoking cessation program. In this study, a model for an effective adolescent anti-smoking program, which includes follow-up support, is based on the method of cognitive-behavioral therapy. The study lasted for 7 weeks, while information on smoking including materials to be analyzed, were provided to the subjects. Meanwhile, the state of the smokers was studied while consultations on anti-smoking was also carried out in the 7th week. At first, the quantity of cigarettes smoked between groups made no difference, but there was an obvious difference in the rate of people who stopped smoking and in the quantity of cigarettes smoked between group I(managed for 7 weeks) ,group II (managed for only 4 weeks) and group III (not managed at all after anti-smoking class). According to the results of the study, we can conclude that the follow-up support plays a big role not only in raising the rate of success in the level of reformed smokers, but also in lowering the quantity of cigarettes smoked.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-22
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• 2006

Objecive and Method: Smoking among health professionals has been shown to influence smoking related knowledge, attitude and educational practices in medical setting. And lack of health professionals' efficacy for smoking cessation intervention has been a major barrier to education on smoking too. In this regard, the present study was carried out to introduce and discuss the advanced cases of smoking cessation education for health professionals, and to develop theory-based educational models of smoking cessation for health professionals in order to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of intervention on smoking in a medical framework. Results: First, major issues of health professionals' smoking cessation intervention were discussed. Discussed issues were smoking prevalence among health professionals, importance of health professionals' roles both as health educators and examples, and health professionals' cognitive dissonance. As advanced cases of smoking cessation education for health professionals, ATOD(Alcohol, Tabacco, and Other Drug problem prevention) developed by US Department of Health & Human Services and the Rx for Change curriculum in California State were discussed. Finally, smoking cessation educational models for health professionals were developed on the basis of social cognitive model and TPB/TTM. Conclusions: For the effective and efficient smoking cessation intervention in medical setting, systematic efforts would be necessary to provide opportunities for ensuring the qualification of health professionals on smoking cessation through an analysis of major issues concerning smoking cessation education for health professional and the development of comprehensive curriculum for smoking cessation.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.315-328
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to explore the process of smoking behavior of college women with a history of smoking. The subject were 48 female students selected by theoretical sampling from a womens' university in Korea. The data were collected by in-depth interviews using audiotape recordings done over a period of seven months. The data were analyzed simultaneously by a constant comparative method in which new data were continuously coded into categories and properties according to strauss and corbin's methodology. Analysis of the data resulted in identification of 15 categories representing 34 concepts. The results of this study were as follows : 1. Smoking in college women is caused by either curiosity or antagonism toward male smokers 2. The meaning(phenomena) of smoking behavior in college women is justifiable or regretable 3. Smoking occurs in connection with eating, during period of psychological conflict or as an habitual practice 4. Smoking behavior is related to the perception of harmfulness to health, influence of others and the accessability of cigarettes. 5. College women experinced a change in their state of health, emotional relaxation, change in their social relationships It is suggested that the results of this study may contribute to the development of strategies for the purpose of decreasing smoking behavior among female college students.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.123-129
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• 2010

Objectives: The aim of this study is to seek an effective way to support smoking cessation by analyzing any change to the pattern of nicotine dependence according to the change in time. Methods: The study was conducted with 800 male smokers who had participated in smoking cessation programs at public health centers from July 16, 2005 to July 15, 2008. Latent growth curve modeling approach was used for data analysis. Results: From the developmental trajectory of individual nicotine dependence, while nicotine dependence of smokers with high nicotine dependence in the first year was slightly decreased in the third year, smokers with low nicotine dependence in the year showed dramatically lower nicotine dependence in the third year. Compared with those who did not successfully quit smoking, the initial value of nicotine dependence of those who successfully quit smoking in the first and the second year was low. Over the years, nicotine dependence was decreased. Conclusion: From this study it was demonstrated that nicotine dependence was reduced through the practice of smoking cessation and reduced nicotine dependence was a factor which affects successful smoking cessation. These results indicate that multiple attempts to quit smoking finally reduces nicotine dependence. Reduced nicotine dependence is likely to increase the possibility of successful smoking cessation.

• 대한간호
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.91-100
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• 1998

This study aims to investigate smoking patterns in high school student and to give student smoker effective information. The sample of 250 male highschool students out of two different schools in Tae-Jon was questioned from July 10th to 15th. 1995. In analyzing these date. the statistics shows the realities by means of number of students. The results are summarized into 17 items as follows. Regarding the level of smoking. 140 students out of 250 admit that they have ever smoked. 52.1% of smoking students say that the motivation of beginning smoking is mainly curiosity. The survey shows that 22.9% of smoking students feel very good when smoking. It also shows that 30.0% of smoking students began smoking in the first grade of high school. With regard to the volume of smoking per day. 41.4% of smoking students smoke variably. 42.1% drink when smoking. 15.0% spend more than W 70.000 a month. About the question who knows the fact of their smoking. 51.5% answer that their friends know the fact of their smoking. In regard to the resaltionship between smoking and school per-formance. 18.2% of non smoking students make poor grades as compared with 40% of smoking students. 9.3% of smoking students say that they are satisfied with the school life. but 35.7% of them are not satisfied. Regarding the attitude to smoking teachers. 35% of smoking students state that they are affected by them. 69.3% of smoking students say that they will stop smoking. while the remaining 30.7% say that they will keep smoking. The reason of 63.9% to stop smoking is that smoking is bad for the health. The reason of 46. 5% to keep smoking is the acquired habit of smoking. 97.2% know the fact that the major element of cigarettes is nicotine and it is very harmful to the health. 40.8% recognize the harmful effect of smoking by TV and radio programs. 97.2% know that smoking could cause lung cancer. From the above results. I propose as follows We should make specific plan to keep smoking by simple curiosity from being developed into habitual smoking. We should teach them how harmful smoking is and make them stop smoking by themselves. It is very essential for family members and teachers to give continuous interest since childhood. As the teacher affect the students very much, they should give up smoking first. The incidence of smoking should be identified in each of the middle and high schools. smoking prohibition programs relevant to each school should be developed and implemented. The local community should ban cigarette vending machines. Cigarettes should not be sold to adolescents. By setting every place where adolescents gather including schools nonsmoking area. we should decrease their impulse to smoke. then smoking opportunities. and harmful effects to them caused by passive smoking.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.229-237
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to be useful in working out plans for improving national health by identifying public workers' knowledge of and attitude to smoking, actual conditions of smoking within nonsmoking areas, and related factors. For the purpose, the questionnaire was carried out with 761 public officials of the division manager-level and lower working in Taegu Metropolitan City Hall in september, 1998. The results are summarized as follows; Smokers of the subject group accounted for 55.1％, and the smoking rate had a significant relation with age and religion. In view of the time when smokers started smoking, smokers who started smoking after graduation from a high school accounted for 70.6％. Smokers who smoke one pack of cigarettes per day and a cigarette to its two-thirds length was the most. In the smoking place of smokers at home, 54.9％ of the smokers responded that they smoke in an outdoor space The rate of smoking in an office was 68.3％ and the rate of smoking within the nonsmoking areas of other public institutions was 43.0％. The results of multiple regression analysis with the actual state of smoking within the nonsmoking area of other public institutions as an independent variable revealed that smokers who check for a nonsmoking area before smoking in the public institutions and who do not smoke in an office do not smoke within the nonsmoking areas of other public institutions. In conclusion, more smoking and health education for public workers is needed to reduce the rate of national smoking and allow people to have a good smoking attitude, and it is required to arrange an institutional system who can strictly control public workers' smoking in their offices or public places and to stress a function of surveillance and monitoring by nonsmokers.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.471-477
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• 2003

Purpose. This cross-sectional survey research was undertaken to examine the degree of depression in post-menopausal women and to analyze the factors affecting that depression. Method. 325 people from public health center in Inchon were surveyed as the subject of this study. Data collection was conducted through the use of questionnaires. Results. The above half of these sampled people were in depressed state (64.0%) and the mean score of depression was 12.71. There were significant differences in the depression state according to presence of spouse, economic level, exercise, and smoking. A positive correlation was found between depression and climacteric symptoms. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the most powerful predictor was climacteric symptom. Climacteric symptom, presence of spouse, smoking, and exercise accounted for 45 % of the variance in postmenopausal women's depression. Conclusion. Nurses are able to use these results to plan and implement nursing interventions for decreasing depression and consequent the improved quality of life in Korean postmenopausal women. Also, the nurses have to be more aware of the following groups; solitary women, low-income group and smokers, that they have higher mean score of depression.