• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.114-122
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• 2015

Purpose: This study attempted to test whether there are differences in the level and hemodynamic side effects (blood pressure, heart rate, $O_2$ saturation), and nausea & vomiting of spinal anesthesia using hyperbaric bupivacaine according to position (supine, lateral, and prone positions) in orthopedic surgery patients who received podiatric surgery under spinal anesthesia. Methods: This study was conducted with 53 patients who had received orthopedic surgery under spinal anesthesia at I General Hospital. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 through repeated-measures ANOVA, post-hoc test, Chi-test, and Fisher's exact test. Results: The change of position after spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine caused a change in the level of spinal anesthesia (F=12.768, p<.001). However, no difference of blood pressure, heart rate, $O_2$ saturation and nausea and vomiting caused by the change in anesthesia level was observed, and in prone position, drug was administered for the correction of side effects. Conclusion: As expected, recognizing that there can be a change in the level of spinal anesthesia after the change of position in surgical patients, nurse anesthetists should monitor their conditions carefully and continuously.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.179-182
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• 1997

Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressant usually used to prevent renal transplantation rejection. Nephrotoxicity and hypertension are considered as the most frequent side effects of cyclosporine treatment. The neurotoxic effects of cyclosporine such as agitation, anxiety, delirium, depression and psychosis have recently been found. Methylprednisolone may increase as well plasma concentration of cyclosporine, which leads to side effects. Here we report a $Henoch-Sch\"{o}nlein$ nephritis patient treated with cyclosporine and methylprednisolone who has experienced psychosis including visual and auditory hallucination and convulsion.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.123-131
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• 2002

Objective : It is well known that modern chemotherapy against cancer has side effects to a living body, especially hemopoietic and immunologial disfunctions. However, there are no effective ways to reduce them. Recently, traditional Korean herb medicine has been reported to have some biological modifying responses. Therefore, we hypothesized that additional application of herb medicine during chemotherapy is more effective to reduce its side effects. While we were studying the effects, we have observed the inhibitory effect of Soamgudamikgitang on formation of side effects derived from Cyclophosphamide, it has been used in clinical practice at Kyung Hee Medical Center. Methods : We injected 200mg/kg of Cyclophosphamide, one time, to an experimental group, consisting of ten mice. We divided them into eight groups: normal, CPX, SAKT 2mg, SAKT 10mg, SAKT 50mg, SAKT 2mg, CPX, SAKT 10mg+CPX, SAKT 50mg+CPX. We injected Soamgudamikgitang seven days, five days, three days, and one day before we injected CPX. One day, three days, and five days after CPX injection, we injected Soamgudamikgitang again and then killed all the mice. The parameters determined in this experiment were daily body weight liver and spleen weight, RBC, WBC, and platelet for hemopoietic dysfunction and AST, ALT for hepatotoxicity, BUN, creatine for renal toxcity, lymphocyte proliferation activity and lymphocyte subsets for immunological toxcity. Results : We have found that Soamgudamikgitang has inhibitory effects on the formation of Cyclophosphamide's side effects. Significant differences between the group, which contained Cyclophosphamide, and the other group, which contains Cyclophosphamide and 2, 10, 50mg of Soamgudamikgitang respectively were observed. Platelets(2mg of Soamgudamikgitang, p<0.05 ;10mg, p<0.01 ;50mg, p<0.001), liver weight(50mg, p<0.01), spleen weight(10mg, p<0.05), AST(all groups, p<0.01), ALT(2mg, p<0.01 ;10mg, p<0.05 ;50mg, p<0.01), BUN(2mg, p<0.01 ;50mg, p<0.05). Although immunological in both lymphocyte proliferation and its subsets were not observed, which shows that Soamgudamikgitang has a strong effect on T cell activities. Conclusions : From the above results, we can expect that the combined therapy of Soamgudamikgitang and Cyclophosphamide is more effective for treating cancer patients.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.87-90
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• 2006

Background: There are many ways to provide superior analgesia for postoperative pain after abdominal surgery of which epidural analgesics with opioids and local analgesics are the most useful. In an effort to maximize the level of analgesia and to minimize the side effects, ketamine, midazolam, clonidine, and adrenalin can be co-administrated as an adjuvant. This study examined the analgesic effect and side effects of midazolam compared with those given an epidural injection of bupivacaine, fentanyl and ketamine. Methods: In a double blind randomized controlled trial, 50 patients received either fentanyl $0.3{\mu}g/kg/h$ and ketamine 0.1 mg/kg/h (Group FK) or fentanyl $0.3{\mu}g/kg/h$, ketamine 0.1 mg/kg/h and midazolam 0.4 mg/h (Group FKM), added to 0.125% of bupivacaine at a rate of as much as 2 ml/h, for patient controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) after low abdominal surgery. Ten minutes before surgery, the patients received either 10 ml of 0.125% bupivacaine with 0.5 mg/kg of ketamine or 10 ml of 0.125% bupivacaine with the same amount of normal saline, added to fentanyl $50{\mu}g$. The pain score and the side effects were recorded at 1, 3, 6, and 24 hours after surgery. Results: There was no difference in the pain score except for the VAS on coughing 1 hour after surgery. FKM group had fewer side effects. Conclusions: There was a better analgesic effect and fewer side effects with the addition of epidural midazolam to bupivacaine and fentanyl with ketamine formula. However, more study on the dose and route of administration will be needed.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.276-287
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was to identity the relationships between the side effects of depression and quality of sleep among gynecological cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Methods: The data was collected from 113 patients at two general hospitals within B metropolitan city. The instruments used to collect the data for the study was the 'Side Effect Scale' developed by Kwon, Young-eun; 'Depression scale' developed by Oh, Se-man, and the 'Quality of Sleep Scale' developed by Oh, Song & Kim. Results: Results showed that the mean of side effects was $39.75{\pm}9.99$, mean of depression was $9.63{\pm}3.93$ and mean of 'quality of sleep' was $36.99{\pm}6.66$. The quality of sleep variable showed statistically significant differences for the variables: age (F=3.203, p=.026), cancer insurance (t=-2.278, p=.025), and perceived physical condition (F=3.152, p=.047) respectively. The relationship between side effects and quality of sleep showed a low negative, but significant correlation (r=-.327, p<.001). The relationship between depression and quality of sleep also showed a low negative correlation (r=-.365, p<.001). Conclusion: This study shows that it is necessary to develop nursing intervention programs because it can successfully improve the quality of sleep of gynecological cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.139-144
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• 2014

Background: To manage intractable cancer pain, an alternative to systemic analgesics is neuraxial analgesia. In long-term treatment, intrathecal administration could provide a more satisfactory pain relief with lower doses of analgesics and fewer side-effects than that of epidural administration. However, implantable drug delivery systems using intrathecal pumps in Korea are very expensive. Considering cost-effectiveness, we performed epidural analgesia as an alternative to intrathecal analgesia. Methods: We retrospectively investigated the efficacy, side effects, and complications of epidural morphine and local anesthetic administration through epidural catheters connected to a subcutaneous injection port in 29 Korean terminal cancer patients. Patient demographic data, the duration of epidural administration, preoperative numerical pain rating scales (NRS), side effects and complications related to the epidural catheterization and the drugs, and the numerical pain rating scales on the 1st, 3rd, 7th and 30th postoperative days were determined from the medical records. Results: The average score for the numerical pain rating scales for the 29 patients decreased from $7{\pm}1.0$ at baseline to $3.6{\pm}1.4$ on postoperative day 1 (P < 0.001). A similar decrease in pain intensity was maintained for 30 days (P < 0.001). Nausea and vomiting were the most frequently reported side effects of the epidural analgesia and two patients (6.9%) experienced paresthesia. Conclusions: Epidural morphine and local anesthetic infusion with a subcutaneous pump seems to have an acceptable risk-benefit ratio and allows a high degree of autonomy to patients with cancer pain.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2015

Purpose: Pilocarpine has the effects on improvement of salivary flow and subjective symptoms for xerostomic patients. Because of unwanted side effects following its systemic administration, topical pilocarpine has been paid attention as an alternative. This study aimed to investigate effects of pilocarpine solution as mouthwash on salivary flow and adverse effects compared to systemic administration of 5 mg pilocarpine tablet in healthy subjects. Methods: The study was a double blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial. Five milligrams pilocarpine tablets, 4 mL of 2% pilocarpine solution and placebo solution were given to 12 healthy volunteers (6 males and 6 females) in a predetermined order with wash-out period of at least two days and unstimulated whole saliva was collected before and after administration of each drug. Blood pressure and pulse rate was also measured and subjective effect and potential side effects were evaluated by a self-administrated questionnaire. Results: Systemic (5 mg tablet) and topical (2% solution) use of pilocarpine significantly increased salivary flow rate in healthy subjects compared to placebo (p<0.001). In both the pilocarpine solution and tablet groups, salivary flow rates at 120 minutes after administration remained increased. Subjective effect on salivation was the largest in the pilocarpine tablet group, followed by the pilocarpine solution group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in blood pressure and pulse rate after administration of all three drugs. Fewer side effects reported in the pilocarpine solution group than in the tablet group. Conclusions: Two percents pilocarpine solution as mouthwash increases salivary flow rate, definitely superior to placebo solution and comparable to pilocarpine tablet, with fewer side effects in healthy subjects. It indicates a possibility of pilocarpine solution as a useful alternative of pilocarpine tablets for the xerostomic patients with systemic diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.9-28
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• 2020

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most commonly used drugs worldwide for chronic pain, such as arthritis, and there are many different types depending on their composition and mechanism. After long-term use, various side effects can occur, such as gastrointestinal and cardiovascular complications. With a similar analgesic effect to that of traditional non-selective NSAIDs, cyclooxygenase-2-selective NSAIDs have been highly anticipated, because they could complement gastrointestinal tolerance. On the other hand, because of concerns about cardiovascular safety in 2004 and 2005, and the license withdrawals of rofecoxib and valdecoxib, the interest in the side effects of NSAIDs is increasing. Therefore, it is important to use the necessary drugs at a minimum, considering the side effects and interactions of each drug. This study examined the side effects and characteristics of each NSAID that may occur and reviewed the recent research and guidelines related to the use of non-selective NSAIDs and cyclooxygenase-2-selective NSAIDs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.123-131
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• 2016

Purpose: Human Papillomavirus(HPV) vaccination is the best prevention for cervical cancer. Therefore, this study was to examine the best predictors of HPV vaccination status in female nursing university students. Methods: Five hundred and forty junior and senior female nursing students from Seoul and provinces of Kyunggi, Chungcheong and Gyungsang completed paper and pencil questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, $x^2$ test, t-test, and multiple logistic regression with dummy variables were conducted using SAS 9.2. Results: Of the total students, 56.8% were vaccinated. As a result of the analysis of the bivariate relationships, family economic status, school type, perceived susceptibility, perceived benefit and perceived barriers (cost, time, distance from hospital and side effects) were significantly related to vaccination status. After controlling for the general characteristics and the HPV related knowledge score, higher family economic status (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]: 3.78, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.21~11.76), private university (AOR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.14~2.53), higher perceived benefit (AOR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.47~2.20), lower perceived barrier (cost) (AOR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.74~0.99), lower perceived barrier (time) (AOR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.61~0.84), and lower perceived barrier (side effects) (AOR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.72~0.94) were significantly related to HPV vaccination. Perceived benefit, perceived barrier (time) and perceived barrier (side effects) were the top 3 predictors of HPV vaccination status. Conclusion: This study suggests that vaccinated female nursing students were more likely to be from higher family economic status and private universities and have a higher perception of benefit and a lower perception of barriers (cost, time, and side effects). Thus, efforts to increase HPV vaccination rates of female nursing students should focus on improving their perception of benefit while lowering their perception of barriers, particularly cost, time and side effects.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.318-329
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• 2021

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify factors affecting COVID-19 vaccination and associated side effects among health care workers in a small and medium-sized hospital. Methods: In May 2021, 301 workers out of a total of 670 working in a small and medium-sized hospital in Gyeonggi-do, were surveyed. The small and medium-sized hospital treats patients with COVID-19. Health care workers across different medical institutions responded with self-reported internet questionnaires. Factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination were analyzed via logistic regression. Results: Out of 301 subjects, 89.0% showed an intention to inoculate, and 85.7% were vaccinated against COVID-19. The most frequent reason for vaccination was responsibility as a medical worker. The fear of adverse reactions was the most frequent reason for non-vaccination. Adverse reactions after inoculation occurred in 70.9% of cases, and 30.6% were referred for treatment of adverse reactions. The factors ultimately influencing COVID-19 vaccination were vaccination intention, previous side effects from other vaccinations, occupation, and age. Conclusion: In order to improve the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination, a systematic approach is required to determine the risk factors associated with the young age of the administrative staff/personnel, subjects with a history of side effects associated with other vaccines, and health care workers who do not intend to be vaccinated. It is important to develop strategies to improve immunization. In addition, accurate and essential information regarding the side effects of vaccination is needed, along with appropriate education and publicity.