• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.60-74
• /
• 2007

For quantitative analysis of spatio-temporal distribution pattern on marine environment, spatial autocorrelation statistics on the both global and local aspects was applied to the observed data obtained from Gwangyang Bay in South Sea of Korea. Global indexes such as Moran's I and General G were used for understanding environmental distribution pattern in the whole study area. LISAs (local indicators of spatial association) such as Moran's I ($I_i$) and $G_i{^*}$ were considered to find similarity between a target feature and its neighborhood features and to detect hot spot and/or cold spot. Additionally, the significance test on clustered patterns by Z-scores was carried out. Statistical results showed variations of spatial patterns quantitatively in the whole year. Then all of general water quality, nutrients, chlorophyll-a and phytoplankton had strong clustered pattern in summer. When global indexes showed strong clustered pattern, the front region with a negative $I_i$ which means a strong spatial variation was observed. Also, when global indexes showed random pattern, hot spot and/or cold spot were/was found in the small local region with a local index $G_i{^*}$. Therefore, global indexes were useful for observing the strength and time series variations of clustered patterns in the whole study area, and local indexes were useful for tracing the location of hot spot and/or cold spot. Quantification of both spatial distribution pattern and clustering characteristics may play an important role to understand marine environment in depth and to find the reasons for spatial pattern.

• 한국해양학회지
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.101-106
• /
• 1993

A simple three-dimensional cubic model is applied to the formation of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass in Summer. We studied how the tidal mixing and the Kuroshio Water Mass affect the formation of the Yellow Sea cold Water. The tidal mixing effect is parameterized into the vertical diffusion coefficient because of the technical difficulties in the numerical model In this study, the thermal front along the coast could be formed only by the tidal mixing effect. However, the southern front of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass has to consider the warm Kuroshio water. the resultant shows the opposite temperature distribution in upper layer and lower layer. the center of the model is warmer in the upper layer and colder in the lower layer than the coast. The resultant circulation pattern is also reverse, clockwise circulation in the upper layer and counter-clockwise circulation in the lower layer.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.73-79
• /
• 2011

This paper aims to find out the statistical characteristics of railroad weather-related accidents and incidents of each railroad line and then reduce the railroad accidents and prepare for the climate change. For this, we used data of KROIS and Korea railroad accidents report during 1996-2008. The results are as follows; Gyeongbu line is the most vulnerable line to railroad weather-related accidents, Yeongdong and Taebaek line are also the vulnerable line. The main railroad weather-related accidents and incidents is a railway obstruction and the next is a signal failure, a power supply failure. The second cause of a railway obstruction was some different for each line, but the main cause was a collapsed roadbed. We knew that the cold front accompanied with a heavy rainfall for a short time is the main weather pattern which cause the railroad accidents.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.183-194
• /
• 2013

In recent years, intense cold spells caused by climate change have encouraged an increasing number of people to wear a variety of padded jackets. In this context, this paper aims to address the production of padded jackets in casual brands and to develop basic patterns for well-fitted padded jackets targeted toward women in their 20s. The study centered on the production of padded jackets from 13 apparel companies. In addition, three sample jackets were created with 3oz. fill in the body and 2oz. fill in the sleeves, and they were subjected to a wearing test to determine their movement functionality. The research findings were as follows. Woven jackets constituted 53.4% of the winter jackets produced by casual brands; padded jackets accounted for 25.3%, leather jackets 12.6%, and other jackets 8.7%. Thus, data showed that padded jackets accounted for a considerable proportion of overall winter jacket production. Based on the wearing test results, the basic measurements of a padded jacket for women in their 20s were as follows: bust girth of B/4+3cm front length and B/4+3.5cm back length; waist girth of W/4+3.1 cm front length and W/4+1.9cm back length; and hip girth of H/4+3.3cm front length and H/4+2.8cm back length. The jacket length was set at 62.8cm, with a 63.8cm sleeve length. This study concluded that providing padded jacket manufacturers with basic pattern designs for a well-fitted jacket is expected to boost the efficiency of pattern design processes and the production of padded jackets.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.9-27
• /
• 1971

Oceanography of the Subarctic North Pacific Ocean is reviewed. The submarine topography and the current systems in the region are explained. Recent serial observation data reveals that. though the upper mixed layer of low salinity is relatively thick. the pattern of the property distribution in winter is essencially similar to that in summer. Alaskan Stream Extension Water. which influences the abundance and the location of demersal fishes. extends northward to 58${\circ}$ N Lat in the Bering Sea. A southeastward intrusion of the Bering Borcal Cold Water causes the formation of a sharp oceanic front. where the demersal fishes such as Alaska pollacks and cods arc concentrated. The Alaska pollacks seem to avoid the low salinity water of the Alaskan Coastal Water.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.8-8
• /
• 1971

Oceanography of the Subarctic North Pacific Ocean is reviewed. The submarine topography and the current systems in the region are explained. Recent serial observation data reveals that. though the upper mixed layer of low salinity is relatively thick. the pattern of the property distribution in winter is essencially similar to that in summer. Alaskan Stream Extension Water. which influences the abundance and the location of demersal fishes. extends northward to 58${\circ}$ N Lat in the Bering Sea. A southeastward intrusion of the Bering Borcal Cold Water causes the formation of a sharp oceanic front. where the demersal fishes such as Alaska pollacks and cods arc concentrated. The Alaska pollacks seem to avoid the low salinity water of the Alaskan Coastal Water.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
• /
• v.13 no.5
• /
• pp.759-768
• /
• 2011

This study is designed to understand current wearing conditions of air force mechanic parkas and evaluate their functionality by examining the wearing conditions and wearers' subjective assessment. By doing so, it also intends to identify issues that require improvements; and to provide basic data for future development of air force mechanic parkas. A survey was conducted as a study methodology, and the collected 1,628 questionnaires were analyzed. Findings of this study are as follows. 1. In the usability assessment, it was found that visibility of body sides was needed to be enhanced since reflective tapes were attached only to the front and back of the body; pockets were too big, but not convenient to keep mechanic tools; the design of hiding hood was not suitable for water-proof clothing; and a new design of size-controllable hood was called for since the hood blocked eye sight. With respect to the fabric, dissatisfaction was identified with durability, cold-proof and fire-proof features. 2. In the mobility assessment, respondents showed low satisfaction with collar heights and neck girths. Mobility score was over moderate level on average, except the parka length that obstructs wearers' movement, and neck and collar size. 3. In the wearability assessment, respondents presented moderate satisfaction with pleasantness, weight, pressure and dampness. However, insulation was found unsatisfactory. Based on the result, this study proposed improvement plans on design, pattern and fabric; and is expected to serve as basic data for developing more effective and functional air force mechanic parkas.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.27-41
• /
• 2000

The meridian system is the most essential and basic connecting structure that maintains the vital activities of viscera and bowels by connecting them with each part of body's surface. Doctors can understand the healthy condition, and the region and deficiency-excessiveness of disease by observing the condition of Qi flowing. Deficiency and excessiveness could be differentiated by various symptoms expressed in meridian system. Especially there could be several clues like pain, heat-cold, protuberance-depression, change of color and shine in the line of channel leads to the judgment of deficiency-excessiveness The diagnosis of deficiency and excessiveness can be generalized by quantification of elastic status in skin surface along the meridian system. By comparing data from measurement of elastic condition with those from traditional deficiency and excessiveness, it could be utilized for the development of oriental medicine. All biological activities in the human body are based on meridian system according to the oriental medicine. Also the meridian system is viewed as basic and essential structure connecting internal viscera and each part of body. The areas of expressed channel phenomena are muscle to bone, muscle to muscle and bone to bone. These areas are called depression where meridian system is present and any changing state on those points can be measured. It could be difficult in diagnosing the reaction of meridian system because doctor can depend on his own judgment. Therefore, it is necessary to quantify and indexate channel reactions. To quantify the channel reactions, specially manufactured instrument was used to quantify the protuberance and depression to differentiate the deficiency and excessiveness. The results follow as below; 1. The elastic index measurement by the equipment proved a pattern of agreement showing the values that ranged within standard deviation 0.05kgf/cm throughout the experiment except few cases' measurement in CV-17. 2. To evaluate the state of deficiency & excessiveness of elastic index measurements in frontal point, elastic index measurements in the front paint were compared to the elastic index measured surrounding the point within 2.5 cm. Such result of indexing procedure was closely matched to the concept of palpitation. 3. If the elastic index values in the surrounding front point closely located to the elastic index values in the front point, the judgement on the state of deficiency and excessiveness was delayed. Otherwise, it was judged as deficiency or excessiveness. 4. Out of total 12 cases of comparing the elastic index values to the elastic index values in the surrounding front point, Three to nine front points were judged as either in the state of deficiency or excessiveness. 5. Among the nine front points judged as either in the state of deficiency or excessiveness, Four cases were matched to the electric index measured by EAV that evaluating the internal organs by five different phases. If more clinical cases are accumulated, it is expected to systematically theorize and improve the concept of deficiency and excessiveness in the internal organs using the front point.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.186-194
• /
• 2000

In this study, the oceanic responses to given atmospheric boundary conditions are investigated using a mesoscale ocean circulation model. The numerical experiments are divided into two parts: One is, so called, spin-up experiment and the other is reproduction experiment. The spin-up experiment simulates climatic state of ocean by integrating the ocean model with upper boundary conditions of the monthly mean atmospheric climate data. In the reproduction experiment, for the reproduction of major oceanic changes around Korean Peninsula during the period of 1980-1998 (19 years), the model has been integrated under the boundary condition of the 19year monthly mean atmosphere data. The spined-up state of ocean generated from the spin-up experiment is assigned to the initial boundary condition of the reproduction experiment. In the spin-up experiment, the model properly simulates the major features of circulation structure around Korean Peninsula; such as separation of East Korean Warm Current (EKWC), formation of the polar front, cold water band associated with the small scale eddies in the East Sea, the formation of front along west coast, and the seasonal variation of circulation pattern caused by changing upwind current in the West Sea. In the reproduction experiment, the model has shown the interannual sea surface temperature variations and a warming trend of about 0.5$^{\circ}$C during the period around Korean Peninsula, as in the case of the observation. Therefore, it is concluded that the model is capable of simulating not only the mean states but also the variabilities of ocean under the given atmosphere boundary conditions.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.185-192
• /
• 1991

The vertical distribution and chemical characteristics of water masses were measured along two south-north transects in the polar front region of the central Korean East Sea. In February, a thermocline was present at depth between 50m and loom at the southern sites of a landward A-transect, and its depth was gradually deepened northward. At an outside B-transect, a thermocline was observed at significantly deep depth of 300m to 400m at two northern stations(Stn. 10 and 11), though the depth of the southward stations was nearly identical to that at the northward stations on a A-transect. In September, there were vertically more various water masses, i.e. the Tsushima Warm surface water(TWSW) or more than $20^{\circ}C$, the Tsushima Middle water(TMW) with a range of $12{\~}17^{\circ}C$, the North Korea Cold Water(NKCW) with $1{\~}7^{\circ}C$ temperature, the Japan Sea Proper Water(JSPW) of less than $1^{\circ}C$, and the mixed water. The North Korea Cold Water could be distinguishable from the other waters, especially from the mixed water of the Tsushima Middle Water and the Japan Sea Proper Water by the pattern of $T-O_2$ diagram. For instance, the North Korea Cold Water had higher oxygen by $1{\~}2ml/l$ than those in the mixed water, although both the two water masses ranged $1{\~}7^{\circ}C$ in water temperature. AOU value was the highest in the JSPW and the lowest in the TWSW. Also, AOU indicated a nearly linear and negative correlation with water temperature. However, AOU data for two masses, the NKCW and the TMW, in September departed remarkably from a regression line. Moreover, the ratio of $$\Delta P/\Delta AOU)$ in September was about $0.45{\mu}g-at/ml$ and higher than the value observed in the open sea. This high value could be elucidated by two factors; intrusion of the NKCW with high oxygen and molecular diffusion of dissolved oxygen from the surface into the lower layer. AOU would be a useful tracer for water masses in the polar front area of the Korean East Sea.