• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.240-247
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• 2001

The history of rehabilitation of disabilities in Korea began with the foreigners and missionaries who were interested in it after Korean War. In 1981, Disabled Persons Welfare Act was enacted and the 88 Paralympics brought the nations attention to the welfare and rehabilitation of persons with disabilities. Since then, the facilities and the services for the disabled persons have expanded rapidly and the rehabilitation treatment and nursing intervention are drawing more attention. Against this background, the survey on the current status of disabilities, welfare service, facilities, and rehabilitation nursing was conducted. The results of this survey are as follows. 1. According to the 2000 census of disabilities, the number of persons with disabilities in Korea is estimated at 1,449,500, or 3.09% of the entire Korean population, 0.74% up from 2.35% in 1995. 2. Disability Types in 2000 The 2000 census showed that the persons with disabilities numbered 1,449,496 out of the total population and 1,024,371 persons are registered for disability, making up 70.7% of the estimated disabled population. Among them, physically disabled persons accounted for the largest 41.7% (605,127) and mentally retarded persons stood at the smallest 9% (13,481). 3. Percentage of Disability Presence The survey showed that more than 90% of disability were acquired. However, 44.8% of mental disability and 61.4% of hearing/speaking disability were not acquired after birth. This means that these disabilities happened by congenital cause or birth accident. 4. Yearly Figure of Registered Disabled Persons In 1989, 218,601 persons registered for disability and, in 2000, the number increased by 4.7 times to 1,024,371. These figures are different from the actual number of disabled persons. According to the 1995 census, 1,053,486 were disabled persons but only 378,323registered for disability. And, in the 2000 census, 1,024,371 out of the 1,449,496 of disabled persons registered for disability. 5. Welfare Service for Persons with Disability 62.6% of the total disabled people are registered and physically disabled persons accounted for the highest percentage of 96.7%. 26.5% of non-registered disabled people said that they didnt know the registration procedure. The rest of them replied that they didnt think they were disabled or that registration didnt seem to give any benefits. 6. Welfare Policies for Disabled Persons The welfare benefits given to the disabled are as follows: Issuance of disabled sign for car drivers, Permission to use LPG fuel, Communication fee reduction, Tax exemption related to cars, Reduction of public facility fees, Household allowance, Tax reduction or exemption, Medical allowance and education subsidy for children, and Housing. 7. Current Condition of Welfare Facilities by Disability Type The welfare institutions for disabilities numbered 188 in total and they can accommodate 16,823 persons. Categories of these institutions are physical disability(37), visual disability(10), hearing/speaking disability(14), mental retardation(59), and sanatoriums(68). 8. Human Resource of Rehabilitation of Disabilities Advanced education programs include rehabilitation nursing in its curriculum and this was selected as the program of Korean Academic Society of Nursing in 1990. In November 1997, Korean Academic Society of Rehabilitation Nursing was launched and many academic meeting and seminars were held. This organization is also making efforts to develop the education program for qualified rehabilitation nursing professionals and to develop the standards of rehabilitation nursing practice. In the professionals of the rehabilitation, there are rehabilitation specialist, physical therapist, speech therapist, occupational therapist. It is needed to come up with the measures to supply stable human resources following the demand of disabled persons and to recognize the private certificates for rehabilitation professionals as official ones after reviewing the education and training programs of private institutions. 9. Rehabilitation Nursing 1) Rehabilitation nursing was taught as an independent subject in 11 undergraduate programs and 9 graduate programs. 2) Research on rehabilitation nursing in Korea were 24 experimental research and 11 non-experimental research. The intervention of experimental research were mostly education and exercise rehabilitation programs. 3) In the three rehabilitation hospitals, nursing is divided into two categories, direct nursing and education & counseling. Direct nursing includes tracheostomy or nasogastric tube care, urination and defication, skin care, pain control, complication prevention and care, prevention of injury from a fall, etc.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.159-193
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• 2015

Owing to causes such as population aging, increased use of various medical devices, long-term hospitalization of various patients with reduced immune function such as cancer, diabetes, and organ transplant patients, and the growing size of hospitals, hospital infections are continuing to increase. As seen in the MERS crisis of 2015, hospital infections have become a social and national problem. In order to prevent damage due to such hospital infections, it is necessary to first strictly implement measures to prevent hospital infections, while, on the other hand, providing proper relief of damage suffered due to hospital infections. However, the mainstream attitude of judicial precedents relating to hospital infection cases has been judged to in fact shift responsibility over damages due to hospital infections on the patient. In light of the philosophy of the damage compensation system, whose guiding principle if the fair and proper apportionment of damages, there is a need to seek means of drastically relaxing the burden of proof on the patient's side relative to conventional legal principles for relaxing the burden of proof, or the theory of de facto estimation. In relation to such need, the German civil code (Burgerliches Gesetzbuch), which defines contracts of medical treatment as typical contracts under the civil code, and has presumption of negligence provisions stipulating that, in cases such as hospital infections which were completely under the control of the medical care providers, if risks in general medical treatment have been realized which cause violations of the life, body, or health of patients, error on the part of the person providing medical care is presumed, was examined. Contracts of medical treatment are entered into very frequently and broadly in the everyday lives of the general public, with various disputes owing thereto arising. Therefore, it is necessary to, by defining contracts of medical treatment as typical contracts under the civil code, regulate the content of said contracts, as well as the proof of burden when disputes arise. If stipulations in the civil code are premature as of yet, an option may be to regulate through a special act, as is the case with France. In the case of hospital infection cases, it is thought that 'legal presumption of negligence' relating to 'negligence in the occurrence of hospital infections,' which will create a state close to equality of arms, will aid the resolution of the realistic issue of the de facto impossibility of remedying damages occurring due to negligence in the process of occurrence of hospital infections. Also, even if negligence is presumed by law, as the patient side is burdened with proving the causal relationships, such drastic confusion as would occur if the medical care provider side is found fully liable if a hospital infection occurs may be avoided. It is thought that, alongside such efforts, social insurance policy must be improved so as to cover the expenses of medical institutions having strictly implemented efforts to prevent hospital infections in the event that they have suffered damages due to a hospital infection accident, and that close future research and examination into this matter will be required.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.642-651
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• 2008

This study was carried out to give basic information of traumatic injuries of primary and permanent teeth which can be used for diagnosis and management of injured teeth. From January 2003 to July 2007, 570 children with 1394 teeth who came to pediatric dentistry and emergency center of Chonnam National University Hospital due to the traumatized teeth participated in this study. The following data were investigated. : age, sex, causes and places of trauma, position of injured teeth, types of injury, and treatment at the first visit. 1. Trauma prevailed at the age of 1, $6{\sim}8$, $17{\sim}18$ and the rate of males was more likely to be higher than the rate of females(1.9 : 1). 2. The main cause of injury is a fall-down injury for primary and mixed dentition, but is a traffic accident and fighting for permanent dentition, respectably. The place of injury for primary dentition is mainly home(45.3%), while street for mixed and permanent dentition. 3. The position of injured teeth according to the area in the mouth is mainly maxillary anterior teeth in both case of primary and permanent teeth and especially, the ratio of central incisors is high. 4. The periodontal tissue injury occurred the most frequently in the primary and the permanent teeth, but the ratio of hard tissue injury in the permanent teeth increased, compared with the primary teeth. 5. Among treatments at the first visit, observation without actual treatment comprised 75.6% in the primary teeth and 55.4% in the permanent teeth, respectably. The pulp necrosis occurred in 20.3% of the primary teeth and 26.6% of the permanent teeth in the case of the periodontal tissue injuries, respectably.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.363-371
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• 1999

Background: Because of the widespread use and availability of agricultural insecticides, acute organophosphate poisoning as a suicide or an accident is becoming the most common type of poisoning and serious problem in Korea. The mortality of organophosphate poisoning varied from 10 to 86 percent. The cause of death was thought to be a combination of excessive bronchial secretion, bronchospasm, respiratory muscle paralysis and depression of respiratory center, summarily respiratory failure. We evaluated the respiratory complications in patients with acute organophosphate intoxication to determine the predisposing, factors to respiratory failure and to reduce the incidence of respiratory failure or mortality. Method: We conducted a retrospective study of 111 patients with the discharge diagnosis of organophosphate poisoning who were hospitalized at Yenugnam University Hospital during the 5 years. The diagnosis of organophosphate poisoning has based on the followings (1) a history of exposure to an organophosphate compounds. (2) the characteristic clinical signs and symptoms. (3) decrease in the cholinesterase activity in the serum. Results: Respiratory failure developed in 31(28%) of 111 patients with acute organophosphate poisoning. All cases of respiratory failure developed within 96 hours after poisoning and within 24 hours in 23 patients. The 80 patients who did not develop respiratory failure survived. In 31 patients with respiratory failure, 15(44%) patients were dead. The patients with respiratory failure had more severe poisoning, that is, the lower level of serum cholinesterase activity on arrival, the higher mean dosage of atropine administered within first 24 hours. In 16 patients with pneumonia, 14 patients developed respiratory failure. In 5 patients with cardiovascular collapse, 2 patients developed respiratory failure. There was no correlation to between age, sex, the use of pralidoxime and respiratory failure. The serum cholinesterase level in survivors at time of respiratory failure and weaning was $66.05{\pm}85.48U/L$, $441{\pm}167.49U/L$, respectively. Conclusion: All the respiratory failure complications of acute organophosphate poisoning occurred during the first 96 hours after exposure. The severity of poisoning and pneumonia were the predisposing factors to respiratory failure. Aggressive treatment and prevention of the above factors will reduce the incidence of respiratory failure.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 2010

The survey was done in order to find what kinds of birds visit Taeanhaean National Park during breeding season, where we fixed up 10 coastal areas and islands within the National Park. Three groups concurrently performed the field research from 5th to 9th of July in 2009. Total 58 species and 7,323 individuals were recorded in Taeanhaean National Park. 48 species including 6,187 individuals were observed in coastal areas and 33 species including 1,136 individuals in island areas. The most dominant species in the National Park are Larus crassirostris which accounts for 60% of the birds inhabiting there, and they seem to have been bred in the islands near the National Park. The birds observed only around the coastal areas include Anas poecilorhyncha, Fulica atra, Egretta intermedia and the others which consist of 25 species and amount to 318 individuals, and the birds found exclusively in island areas include Phalacrocorax filamentosus, Apus pacificus¸ Locustella pleskei and other birds, which consist of 10 species and the number of those individuals observed was 308. The inhabited islands areas such as Gauido were characterized by high ratio of waterbird population, which seems to be correlated with the factors such as the extent of island, the richness of water resources, and the diversity of habitats. Based on the data collected during the research and other data from the previous observations, the kinds of dominant species remain nearly unchanged. And in spite of the oil spill accident in 2007, the increase in the number of waterbirds compared to 2004 may be the evidence that the area is recovering from the environmental pollution. At present, the tidal power plants are being built or scheduled to be built and large-scale reclamation is also under way. What is worse, those areas are seeing the increase of pension construction, which is likely to be the potential cause of damage and disturbance against some key habitats for the waterbirds. Therefore, it is a major priority that we build the bird information system to efficiently manage the knowledge-based asset collected from bird-watching groups and to better monitor the areas that need enhanced database through which the National Park can be appropriately administered.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.415-426
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to create the deveopment plan for promotion of advanced disaster-safety awareness, which is noted as a major factor in the large disaster. Method: This study is to conduct theoretical review with regard to disaster management and safety awareness. Consciousness surveys on safety awareness and previous disaster case was analyzed to derive the cause of the disaster, and the development plan for promotion of advanced disaster-safety awareness was suggested. Result: In the survey on the public's sense of safety on the disaster management evaluation, 'Response' stage was well performed, but the 'Recovery' stage was not. Especially, it was found that disaster safety education at the 'Prevention' stage was very lacking. In the survey on the public's safety awareness, the awareness level of the evacuation facility was very low, information on infectious diseases and collapse accident was insufficient. Especially, it has been found that the awareness on safety regulation in daily life is very insufficient. Through the case study on previous disaster(COVID-19, Fire in Miryang Sejong Hospital, Forest fire in the east coas at 2004'), it was derived that the lack of safety awareness(such as safety insensitivity) was the main factor of the expansion of the damage scale. Conclusion: The development plan for promotion of advanced disaster-safety awareness are as follow. First, it is necessary to spread the safety culture movement through the expansion of safety education and safety promotion. Second, disaster confrontation training for the public should be implemented to improve the effectiveness of disaster response. Finally, it is necessary to change the individual awareness on safety. When these factors are implemented systematically, advanced disaster-safety awareness can be promoted. Ultimately, disaster accidents in our society can be reduced.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.19-30
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• 2012

Due to the fact that the social environment is improved and the urban development is stabilized, the demand of new construction of apartment becomes slowdown. Accordingly, there are many researches to lengthen the service life of the existing apartment through the remodeling and its importance is continuously rising. However, reliable design specifications and guidelines for the design of remodeling with partial demolition are not provided yet in Korea. Specially, in the apartment remodeling, slab collapse accidents take major portion in all accidents that reported by Korean Government. It is very important to prevent intial crack of slab because intial crack could cause severe accident like collapse of all structure in a short period of time. The purpose of this study is to develop structural guidelines that could guarantee the structural safety and serviceability of slab structure and could be adopted in Korean remodeling with partial demolition. There are mainly two components to determine structural behavior of slab structure. One is the shape of slab structure and the other is load which is resisted by the slab structure. In this study, the weight per unit volume of concrete debris and concrete strength are estimated through the analysis of previous researches to recognize the relationship between the shape of slab and load that loaded on the slab. Accordingly, approximately 300 pieces of floor plan are collected and analyzed. The finite element analysis is conducted using these analyzed and estimated results. From the finite element analysis results, the limited stacking height of debris is suggested and the stacking method is also discussed. In addition, to find the relationship between movement of demolition equipment and structural behavior of slab, the static and dynamic loading tests are conducted. From the results of loading tests, the impact factor which will be considered in the remodeling design could be estimated.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.39
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• pp.37-61
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• 2014

Nowadays the world is threatened because of terrors that take aim at Soft-Targets available and easy to access to the people rather than more secured Hard-Targets. The inspection department of the Presidential Security Service develops and acts a perfect safety plan wherever the President stays so that it is possible to get immediate actions for various contingencies. Some events, in which the President take part, could be held in a lower or higher store in a tall building. Additional to the routine work at this case it is to emphasize on a plan of fire precaution to check the spot and respond to a real fire situation, so that the damage could be minimized. First, the agents of the President Security Service should possess basic knowledge concerning to the fire accidents and be trained on their manuals, even in a busy events plan. An organization, whatever it is, could be improved in that it tries to develop not only the personal abilities, but also education programs of the organization continually. And enhanced abilities of the members lead to the driving force for the advance. The knowledge of fire accident should be able to adapt to the real situation. Second, related to the event, it should be cooperated with the relevant departments, so that it is possible to conduct and control the system. It is urgently required to know that the security event could not be done perfectly with only one part or department. Third, from the time of recognizing of the event it is necessary for the fire department to get an action plan with fire fighting measures, evacuation measures based of the instructions given by the Security Service. Fourth, on the knowledge of the action plan of the fire department the Security Service should inspect the safety activities of the spot and establish the practical operation plan through the fire fighting and evacuation plan. Fifth, the Security Service should share final informations and plan of fire fighting in a high-rise building with the other relevant departments. If not, it could cause a great confusion that could lead to a great damage.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.95-116
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• 2015

Air transport agreement can be divided into air passenger contract of carriage and aviation also of the contract of carriage. And air carriers for damages greater (1) cause reason, of (2) limit reason, (3) exemption reason. Exemption reason for the extinction of the liability for damages in our Commercial Code, the Convention and domestic law are mixed. Convention on the Commercial Code and air transport, air transport people, if it is proved and that it has taken all the measures that are needed for the prevention of damage to overdue damage of passengers, liability is waived. So what was to achieve the requirements of all the actions that are reasonably necessary in any case is a problem. Amendment has the feature that the treaty for the International Air Transport reflect in accordance with the domestic situation, while being struck by international standards encompassing land, sea and air transport, even on the system. However, Commercial Code while mainly reflect the Montreal Convention governing air carrier's liability issues on the contract of carriage, a problem which the Convention had also began to occur together. So the problem due to accept the treaty to fit the domestic situation occurs. There is a need for analysis of all of the actions that are "reasonably necessary, which is defined in the Commercial Code. If there is no claim within Value Date rotor two years to air carriers on the court for the damage caused by air transport, the responsibility of air carriers disappear, sued the period of such two years, what kind of meaning on domestic law extension and stop to be whether it is interpreted, it should be determined to do their aggressive measures for the reasonable care and accident prevention.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.454-459
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• 2002

Clinical analysis of the relation between the clinical data of chest trauma patients and bone scan results was done to investigate the sensitivity and specificity of bone scan for the diagnosis of rib or chondral fracture. Material and Method： 445 patients treated due to chest trauma in Dongguk University Kyungju Hospital from July 1998 to December 2001 were studied. Age and sex distribution, causes of chest trauma, interval from the injury to arrival at hospital, final diagnosis, relationship between the chest pain and bone scan results, relationship between local tenderness and bone scan results, and sensitivity and specificity of bone scan were studied. Result： The male was 61.6% and the female was 38.4%. Age distribution was nearly even from the twenties to the sixties. The traffic accident was the most common cause of chest injury(60.4%). Most patients(76.6%) were arrived to the hospital within 6 hours after chest trauma. Rib fracture was the most common final diagnosis(46.5 %). The relationship between the duration of chest pain and tenderness and the bone scan results were significant, and the same in the relationship between the duration of local tenderness and the bone scan results, but the latter is more significant. The sensitivity of bone scan was 99.4% and the specificity was 90.4%. Conclusion： If the patient complains the chest pain continuously and the local tenderness around the chest is continued over 3 weeks, it is good to perform the bone scan. Further study including the MRI may be helpful for more evaluation in chest trauma patients.