• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.952-963
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• 1998

Background: Cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB)-induced hemostatic defects may result increased possibility of excessive hemorrhage and additional multiple transfusion reactions or reoperation. Particularly, fibrinolytic activation and decreased platelet count and function by CPB were proposed as a predictor of hemorrhage during postoperative periods in several reports. Materials and methods: Present study, which was conducted in 20 adult patients undergoing CPB, was prospectively designed to examine the hematologic changes, including fibrinolytic activation during and after CPB and to clarify the relationships between these changes and the magnitude of the postoperative nonsurgical blood loss. The serial blood samples for measurment of hematologic parameters were taken during operation and postoperative periods. Blood loss was respectively counted via thoracic catheter drainage at postoperative 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 hours and total period. Results: The results were obtained as follows:Platelet count rapidly declined following CPB(p<0.01), which its decreasing rate was an inverse proportion to total bypass time(TBT, r=0.55, p=0.01), And platelet count in postoperative 7th day was barely near to its control value. Fibrinogen degradating product(FDP) and D-dimer level significantly increased during CPB(p<0.0001, p<0.0001, respectively), and both of fibrinogen and plasminogen concentration correlatively decreased during CPB(r=0.57, p<0.01), implying activation of fibrinolytic system. Postoperative bleeding time (BT), postoperative activated partial thromboplastin time(aPTT) and postoperative prothrombin time (PT) were significantly prolonged as compare with each control value (p=0.05, p<0.0001, p<0.0001, respectively). Total blood loss was positively correlated with patient's age, aortic clamping time (ACT) and TBT, while there was negative correlation between platelet count and blood loss at pre-CPB, CPB-off and the 1st postoperative day, and in some periods. Postoperative aPTT and postoperative PTwere positively related to postoperative 6 hr and 48 hr blood loss(r=0.53, p=0.02; r=0.43, p=0.05) but not to total blood loss, whereas there was no relationship between postoperative BT and blood loss at any period. Conclusions: These observations suggest that CPB results various hematologic changes, including fibrinolytic activation and severe reduction in platelet count. Diverse factors such as age, platelet count, ACT, TBT and postoperative aPTT and PT may magnify the postoperative bleeding. This study will be a basic reference in understanding CPB-induced hemostatic injuries and in decreasing the postoperative hemorrhage

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.133-143
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• 1997

A population-based study of people aged above 20 years showed that 32% had emmetropia and 68% had ammetropia(myopia 56.6%. hyperopia 11.4%) city in Korea. The percentage of ammetropia in population based study is higher than that of clinic(O.P.D.) based. A 83.3% of the ammetropia had myopia. which is higher than 76.3% of 1968 and 76.9% of 1975 years. A 16.7% of the ammetropia had hyperopia. which is lower than 19.4% of 1968 and 17.3% of 1975 years. In the kind of refractive error. 32.1% of 985 eyes examined had compound myopic astigmatism. 18.2% had simple myopic astigmatism. 14.2% had simple myopia. 6.8% had simple hyperopic astigmatism, 5.0% had mixed astigmatism, 4.7% had compound hyperopic astigmatism and 3.6% had simple hyperopia. In the difference of binocular refractive error, 29% had 0.50~2.00 Dptr difference and 3.6% had difference above 2.00 Dptr. In age related myopic refractive error, 76.7% of people aged 20~29 years and 74.0% of 30~39 years had myopia. It is due to overstudy for entrance into a university that the percentage of myopia is higher than that of abroad. In age related hyperopic refractive error, 2.9% of people aged 20~29 years, 0.6% of 30~39 years. 6.3% of 40~49 years, 16.0% of 50~59 years and 63.9% of 60~69 years had hyperopia. It shows that the age related hyperopic refractive error was significantly increased at aged 40~49 years. The right eye had more myopic refractive error than left eye.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.46-53
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• 1996

Background: Endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide(LPS) can prime phagocytic cells such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes or animal peritoneal macrophages to generate increased amounts of secretory products such as oxygen free radicals and tumor necrosis factor, which play an important role in developing adult respiratory distress syndrome in gram negative sepsis. Human alveolar macrophages(HAM) are continuously exposed to various stimuli inhaled into the alveoli, and the response to LPS might be different in HAM. Therefore, we investigated the effect of LPS pre-exposure on HAM adhered to plastic surface and A549 cell(type II human alveolar epithelial cell line) monolayer. Methods: HAM were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from normal lung of the patients with localized lung cancer and esophageal cancer. LPS was exposed to HAM for 2hrs before or after adherence to plastic surface of 24-well Linbro plate and A549 cell monolayer. And then HAM was stimulated with PMA(phorbol myristate acetate) or fMLP(N-formyl-methionylleucyl-phenylalanine). The amount of hydrogen peroxide($H_2O_2$) production in the supernatant was measured on the principle of peroxidase-dependent oxidation of phenol red by hydrogen peroxide. Results: LPS pre-exposure could not enhance $H_2O_2$ production in neither HAM adhered to plastic surface nor one to A549 cell monolayer. But LPS even in the absence of PMA or fMLP stimulation directly increased $H_2O_2$ release in HAM if added after the adherence to A549 cell monolayer. Conclusion: Endotoxin does not prime HAM, but may directly activate HAM adhered to alveolar epithelial cells. Further investagation will be necessary.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2014

Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus that represents one of the most common and important infectious diseases of cats worldwide and it is responsible for more deaths among cats than any other infectious diseases. Prevalence data are necessary to define prophylactic, management and therapeutic measures for stray, feral and owned cats which are lacking in Bangladesh. The study was carried out to determine the prevalence of FeLV infection in Mymensingh district of Bangladesh using RapiGEN$^{(R)}$ FeLV Ag Test Kit (RapiGEN$^{(R)}$ Inc., Republic of Korea), a rapid one-step immunochromatographic assay. Blood samples from total 130 cats (23 owned cats and 107 unowned cats) were collected and tested following the manufacturer's instruction. An overall prevalence of FeLV infection was 1.54% (2/130). Prevalence was found 1.79% (2/112) on Day 0-up to one year aged cats (young) but no positive case was found in above 1 year (Adult) aged group. In male and female cats, the prevalence was 1.72% (1/58) and 1.39% (1/72), respectively. In un-owned cats the prevalence was 1.87%. Positive cases to FeLV were found only in clinically sick cats. No significant relationship was found according to age, sex, ownership status and health status. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of the prevalence of FeLV infection in Bangladesh using RapiGEN$^{(R)}$ FeLV test kits which is very much effective because it is easy to apply, less expensive and quick screening of such type of infection.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.501-508
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• 1993

Background: Sleep apnea syndrome is a common disorder which is estimated to affect about 1~4% of adult male population. And if untreated, sleep apnea can cause significant sequelae, such as hypertension, nocturnal cardiac arrhythmia, daytime hypersomnolence, and cognitive impairment. Various kinds of treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have been developed. Among them nasal CPAP, first introduced by Sullivan et al in 1981, has received widespread interest and acclaim as a treatment of OSA, and is currently recommended as first-line treatment for OSA. We evaluated the effect of nasal CPAP in OSA and the side effects of nasal CPAP hindering patients from using nasal CPAP. Methods: We performed sleep studies in 20 OSA patients at 2 consecutive nights; baseline night at first day and CPAP night at second day. We compared apnea index, lowest oxygen concentration during apnea, maximal apnea time, and total apnea duration per total sleep time before and after CPAP. We also evaluated the side effects of CPAP with inquiry to the patients. Results: 1) Apnea index was significantly decreased after CPAP in 17 out of 20 OSA patients (85%) and increased in 3 patients (15%). 2) Average apnea index was significantly decreased after CPAP ($34.1{\pm}18.9/h{\rightarrow}15.4{\pm}10.3/h$, p<0.01). 3) Total apnea duration per total sleep time was also significantly decreased after CPAP ($28.5{\pm}16.0%{\rightarrow}11.9{\pm}9.3%$, p<0.05). 4) The lowest oxygen satuation and maximal apnea time were not significantly changed after CPAP. 5) The most frequent side effect of nasal CPAP was mask discomfort (80%), and the next was drying of nasal passages (65%). Conclusion: Nasal CPAP is an effective treatment for OSA. Futher studies should be concentrated on long term follow up of nasal CPAP for its therapeutic effects and the study of methods to enhance patients' compliance.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.205-215
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to evaluate at which stage of tooth germ would develop into normal calcification and hence to increase the success rate of transplantation. Therefore, tooth germs on the 15th, 17th embryonic day and the 3rd day of birth were separated for allotransplantation into maxilla of adult rat of 11 weeks. Calcification processes were analyzed radiographically and histopathologically at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after allotransplantation. The results are as follows: 1. Allotransplanted tooth germ at 4 weeks and 8 weeks showed delayed calcification compared to that of normal odontogenesis. 2. At 4 weeks, abnormal calcified tissue, such as odontoma and ankylosis of osteodentin with surrounding alveolar bone were observed. 3. At 8 weeks, allotransplanted tooth germs of the 15th and 17th embryonic day showed calcification and osteodentin surrounded by periodontal ligament. 4. At 8 weeks, allotransplanted tooth germs of the 3rd day of birth showed calcification composed of cementum and osteodentin. In this study, we observed small sized and amorphous calcified tissue from allotropic allotransplantation of tooth germs. Since these calcified tissue were underdeveloped and shaped irregularly, for calcification into normal tooth form, further study needs consideration about the reduction of surgical trauma, developmental stage of transplanted tooth germ, blood supply from recipient site, fixation method in transplanted site and period of transplantation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.277-286
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of nutrition-related knowledge, dietary habits, and nutrient intakes of alcoholic patients and how nutrition education affects these nutritional behaviors. Methods: Subjects included 37 adult male alcoholic patients who were hospitalized. The nutrition education program consisted of five lessons over a five-week period. An each 80-minute nutrition education program per week was implemented for the alcoholic patients over a five-week period. Both before and after the implementation of nutrition education, their nutrition-related knowledge and dietary habits were assessed and nutrient intakes were investigated. Results: The subjects showed drinking habits of considerably high frequency, a large quantity of alcohol consumption, and preference for soju (a liquor) over beer. They had proper weight, height, and BMI, and came from relatively poor socioeconomic backgrounds with a low-level of self-rated health status and a comparatively high rate of suffering from disease. Mean score of their nutrition-related knowledge and dietary habits was quite low. They consumed less energy, dietary fiber, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, folic acid, Ca, and K, but more Na compared to each Dietary Reference Intake (DRI). After implementing the nutrition education, mean score of nutrition-related knowledge and dietary habits showed significant improvement. In addition, the meeting rate of each DRI of several nutrients was increased significantly, including energy, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, vitamins A, C, and $B_6$, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, folic acid, Ca, P, K, Fe, and Zn, while that of Na decreased. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that alcoholic patients had various nutritional problems, such as lack of nutrition-related knowledge, bad dietary habits, and insufficient nutrient intakes, however, these problems can be positively modified by implementation of a relatively short-term nutrition education program.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.105-113
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• 2010

Ixeris dentata var. albiflora Nakai, a herbal plant, is often used to make a strong stomach as an antiphlogistic used when dyspepsia and to improve appetite in Korea and China. And also it is used for adult diseases such as diabetes and liver diseases as Korean traditional medicine. In this study, the composition and DPPH radical scavenging activities of the root of Ixeris dentata var. albiflora Nakai and its effects on cell viability on vero and chang cells were investigated. Moisture, crude ash, crude protein and crude lipid were 79.14, 2.49, 8.28 and 2.56 g/100 g respectively. The highest mineral content was K. The major free sugars were glucose, fructose and sucrose. Major fatty acid are linoleic acid, palmic acid and linolenic acid. Major amino acids were glutamic acid, arginine and aspartic acid and the total contents of amino acids were 28.12 mg/g. The methanol extracts were further fractionated with n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, butanol and water to get an active fraction. In addition, cell viabilities in each fraction were determined. Methanol extract, butanol, and aqueous fraction showed strong survival rates in vero cell and chang cell viability test, and hexane, chloroform, and ethylacetate fraction were examined for toxin in a cell. The root of Ixeris dentata var. albiflora Nakai had scavenging activities against DPPH radicals in a dose-dependent assay. Ethylacetate fraction's SC50 was $6.8\{\mu}g/mL$, very strong DPPH radical scavenging activities, but water fraction did not show any activity.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.75-93
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• 2006

1. Objectives and Methods Sasang Constitutional Medicine is the original Korean Medicine. The purpose of this study was to objectify the diagnosis of Sasang Constitution. 212 Women's sentences were analyzed into 228 factors like Pitch, APQ, Shimmer, Octave and Energy, etc. Women's sentences were classified into 3 categories: total group, under 54 years old group and over 55 years old group. 2. Results 1) In Total group Soyangin's Center feq.(3) was significantly high compared with Taeyangin and Taeumin groups. Taeumin's Pitch2 was significantly high compared with Soeumin and Taeyangin groups. Taeyangin's Pitch S.D. was significantly high compared with Soyangin group. Taeyangin's Octave6 was significantly high compared with Soeumin group. There were no significant differences among constitutional groups in APQ and Shimmer segment. On the point of Energy, Taeyangin's G Tot E(1), G# Tot E(1), G dev.(1), G# dev.(1), G Tot E(2), G# Tot E(2), G dev.(4) and G# dev.(4) were significantly high compared with other groups. Soyangin's A#S.D.(2) was significantly high compared with Taeyangin group. Taeyangin's A#S.D.(3) was significantly high compared with Taeumin group. Taeyangin's F S.D.(5), F# S.D.(5) and Max Average were significantly high compared with Soeumin group. Taeumin's Peak3 and Peak4 were significantly high compared with Taeyangin group. Taeumin's PeakValue1 was significantly high compared with Soeumin group. Taeyangin's PeakValue2 was significantly high compared with Soeumin group. Taeyangin's PeakValue3 and PeakValue5 were significantly high compared with Other groups. 2) In Under 54 years old group, there were no significant differences among constitutional groups in APQ, Shimmer and Octave segment. Taeumin's Center freq.(2) was significantly high compared with Taeyangin and Soyangin groups. Taeumin's Pitch(2) and Pitch(3) were significantly high compared with Taeyangin and Soeumin groups. Taeyangin's and Taeumin's Pitch S.D. were significantly high compared with Soyangin group. Taeyangin's and Soyangin's Octave2 were significantly high compared with Taeumin group. On the point of Energy, Taeyangin's and Soyangin's A# S.D.(2) were significantly high compared with Soeumin group. Taeyangin's and Soyangin's G# dev.(1), G# dev.(2) were significantly high compared with Taeumin group. Taeyangin's and Taeumin's F# S.D.(3) were significantly high compared with Soeumin group. Taeyangin's and Soyangin's Max Average were significantly high compared with Soeumin group. Taeumin's Peak3 was significantly high compared with Taeyangin and Soeumin groups. Taeyangin's and Taeumin's PeakValue2 were significantly high compared with Soeumin group. Taeyangin's and Soeumin's PeakValue3 were significantly high compared with Taeumin group. Taeyangin's and Soyangin's PeakValue5 were significantly high compared with Soeumin group. Taeyangin's and Soyangin's PeakValue9 were significantly high compared with Taeumin group 3) In Over 55 years old group, there were no significant differences among constitutional groups in Pitch, APQ, and Peak segment. Soeumin's F Shimmer(1) and F Shimmer(2) were significantly high compared with Taeyangin and Taeumin groups. Soeumin's G# Shimmer(1) and G# Shimmer(2) were significantly high compared with Soyangin group. Taeyangin's Octave5 and Octave6 were significantly high compared with Soeumin group. On the point of Energy, Soyangin's C S.D., F# S.D.(1), F# S.D.(2) and G dev.(2) were significantly high compared with other groups. Soyangin's F# S.D.(3) was significantly high compared with Taeumin and Soeumin groups. Taeyangin's and Taeumin's G# S.D.(2) and G# S.D.(3) were significantly high compared with Soyangin group 3. Conclusions From above result, there is the possibility of efficient standard guide for constitution diagnosis by analysis of voice

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate total life habits of male and female adult through questionaire. Questionaire was composed of items such as perception of body shape, food habits, preference habits, the concern of the health and weight control. For this study, the subjects were divided into three groups like low-weight group, standard-weight group, over-weight group according to their body shape. The results can be summarized as follows: 7.9% of the subjects were included in low-weight group, 55.2% in standard-weight group, 36.9% in over-weight group. The subjects' perception of ideal body shape was significantly different from that of actual body shape. Males were more satisfied with their body shape than females. Most of females were unsatisfied with present their body shape and prefered slim and long body shape. Males, specially low-weight group, had adherence to smoking, alcohol and health food compared with the other groups. Food habits of males were considered to be fair compared with those of females. Meal amounts of over-weight group were significantly higher than those of the others. Low-weight group took more snacks and took a stong dislike of food. Males exercised hard and thought their health status to be fair. Low-weight group of males and standard-weight group of females considered their health status to be bad. 69% of the subjects were concerned about weight control. Low-weight group of males had a desire to gain weight while most of females had a desire to lose weight.