• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.9
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• pp.662-669
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• 2011

This study was conducted to biologically convert methane into methanol. Methane contained in biogas was bio-catalytically oxidized by methane monooxygenase (MMO) of methanotrophs, while methanol conversion was observed by inhibiting methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) using MDH activity inhibitors such as phosphate, NaCl, $NH_4Cl$, and EDTA. The degree of methane oxidation by methanotrophs was the most highly accomplished as 0.56 mmol for the condition at $35^{\circ}C$ and pH 7 under 0.4 (v/v%) of biogas ($CH_4$ 50%, $CO_2$ 50%) / Air ratio. By the inhibition of 40 mM of phosphate, 50 mM of NaCl, 40 mM of $NH_4Cl$ and $150{\mu}m$ of EDTA, methane oxidation rate could achieve more than 80% regardless of type of inhibitors. In the meantime, addition of 40 mM of phosphate, 100 mM of NaCl, 40 mM of $NH_4Cl$ and $50{\mu}m$ of EDTA each led to generating the highest amount of methanol, i.e, 0.71, 0.60, 0.66, and 0.66 mmol when 1.3, 0.67, 0.74, and 1.3 mmol of methane was each concurrently consumed. At that time, methanol conversion rate was 54.7, 89.9, 89.6, and 47.8% respectively, and maximum methanol production rate was $7.4{\mu}mol/mg{\cdot}h$. From this, it was decided that the methanol production could be maximized as 89.9% when MDH activity was specifically inhibited into the typical level of 35% for the inhibitor of concern.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.239-247
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• 2018

Chronic inflammation is known to have effects on various diseases such as gout, cancer, dementia, atopic disease, and obesity. In addition, since some signal cascades involved in the development of inflammation are known to affect the damage and aging of the skin tissue, studies are being conducted actively to control the inflammation mechanism. In order to mitigate or prevent inflammatory response, a number of researches have been made to develop anti-inflammatory materials from some plants. In particular, Stevia rebaudiana produces steviol glycosides (SG), a natural sweetener with a distinctive flavor. Studies on some of SG have been shown to have anti-inflammatory activity. Researchers of this study expected that more SG also possess anti-inflammatory activity, besides stevioside, rebaudioside A, and steviol. In order to confirm this possibility, the researchers screened inhibition activity of various steviol glucosides for NO production in RAW 264.7 cell lines. As a result, steviol ${\beta}-glucopyranosyl$ ester (SGE) showed the highest inhibitory activity among steviol derivatives treated at the same molar concentration. In addition, we found that mRNA expression level of $interleukin-1{\alpha}$ ($IL-1{\alpha}$), $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa-light chain-enhancer of activated B cells ($NF-{\kappa}B$) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was also decreased in a dose-dependent manner. These results show that SGE inhibits anti-inflammatory activity and NO production in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. It was confirmed that SGE has potential to be applied as an anti-inflammatory material.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 1983

The object of this study was to investigate the distribution of Cd fractions in paddy soils in relation to some soil characteristics and to find out the relationships between soil Cd fractions and Cd content in brown rice. Thirty six soils and rice samples were collected from the paddy field adjacent to zinc mining sites at harvest time in 1981. Total Cd content of brown rice samples was analyzed. A sequential extraction procedure was used to fractionate Cd in soils into the designated forms of exchangeable, adsorbed, organically bonded, carbonate, sulfide, and residual Cd. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The distribution of Cd fractions in soil showed a wide difference depending on soil properties. As an average value it was observed that organically bonded Cd amounted 43.7%; residual Cd, 6.5%; and other fractions, 10-15%. 2. With higher soil pH, organically bonded and carbonate Cd fraction tended to be higher but exchangeable fraction lower. Other forms of Cd showed no difference with soil reaction. 3. Organically bonded fraction was positively correlated with soil organic matter content, while others except adsorbed fraction showed an adverse tendency. 4. The relation of fraction distribution to soil C E C was similar to the case of organic matter. 5. Cadmium content in brown rice showed significant possitive correlation with organically bonded Cd content (r = 0.655) and carbonate, Cd content of soil (r = 0.328) but there was no significant correlation with contents of other forms.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.647-657
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics of vinegars containing jaceosidin and eupatilin using Artemisia argyi H. ethanol extract (AEE). 10% malt extract (ME) and water extract of Artemisia argyi H. (AWE) were also prepared for vinegar production. Three kinds of materials were mixed in the same amount to prepare vinegar as follows; CO (ME, water, 18% edible ethanol), SE (ME, water, and AEE), SW (ME, AWE, and 18% edible ethanol) and SM (ME, AWE, AEE). All samples were fermented by Acetobacter pasteurianus A8 at $30^{\circ}C$ for 25 days and analyzed at 10, 15, 20 and 25 days. The pH decreased significantly during the fermentation. pH was lower in SE and SM than CO and SW. The acidity increased significantly during the fermentation, and was highest in SM (4.44%) at 25 days of fermentation. The concentration of acetic acid was higher than other organic acids for all vinegars. Jaceosidin and eupatilin were not detected in both CO and SW, but both were detected in the SE and SM. At 25 days of fermentation, jaceosidin and eupatilin concentrations in SE and SM were 6.49-6.88 mg/kg and 2.23-2.24 mg/kg, respectively. From these results, we confirmed that production of vinegar containing jaceosidin, eupatilin and phenolic compounds can be prepared by using Artemisia argyi H. edible ethanol extract.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2015

This study analyzed the tooth brushing behavior and oral health status of foreigner immigrant workers and obtained the following results. Statistical significance based on different general characteristics. Gender, educational background, period of stay, health insurance, medical expense coverage, and whether or not one has friends or regular gatherings were significant traits for frequency, while age, marital status, income, and health insurance were traits for part (p<0.05). Statistical significance (p<0.05) was found in marital status and health insurance for time used to brush teeth, period of stay and whether or not one attends a regular gathering for tooth brushing training, and gender, educational background, period of stay, roommate status, medical expense coverage, and whether or not one attends a regular gathering for supplemental oral product usage. The averages of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index and community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN) for general characteristics were 6.98 and 3.03 respectively, and gender, roommate status, income, health insurance for DMFT index, and gender, age, marital status, educational background, roommate status, income, health insurance for CPITN were statistically significant (p<0.05). Tooth brushing frequency and part showed statistical significance (p<0.05) for DMFT index based on tooth brushing behavior, while tooth brushing part and time used to brush teeth were significant for CPITN. DMFT index was high at 8.34 for '3 times or more' in tooth brushing frequency, while DMFT index was high at 7.91 and CPITN was low at 2.94 for tooth brushing part. '3 minutes or longer' in time used to brush teeth was the lowest in CPITN at 2.88. As a result of analyzing the correlation between tooth brushing behavior and DMFT index, CPITN, tooth brushing frequency and part in DMFT index, and tooth brushing part and time used to brush teeth in CPITN showed significance (p<0.05). Based on the above results, we must promote the significance of brushing teeth and implement continuous training for correct tooth brushing management to enhance the oral health of foreign immigrant workers.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.205-210
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• 2010

Purpose: To evaluate the predictive factors for treatment response and prognostic factors affecting survival outcomes after concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) for patients with anal squamous cell carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Medical records of forty two patients with histologically confirmed analsquamous cell carcinoma, who had complete CCRT between 1993 and 2008, were reviewed retrospectively. Median age was 61.5 years (39~89 years), and median radiotherapy (RT) dose was 50.4 Gy (30.0~64.0 Gy). A total of 36 patients had equal to or less than T2 stage (85.7%). Fourteen patients (33.3%) showed regional nodal metastasis, 36 patients (85.7%) were treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) plus mitomycin, and the remaining patients were treated by 5-FU plus cisplatinum. Results: The median follow-up time was 62 months (2~202 months). The 5-year overall survival, loco regional relapse-free survival, disease-free survival, and colostomy-free survival rates were 86.0%, 71.7%, 71.7%, 78.2%, respectively. Regarding overall survival, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status and complete response were found to be significant prognostic factors on univariate analysis. For multivariate analysis, only the ECOG performance status was significant. No significant factor was found for locoregional relapse-free survival or disease-free survival and similarly for treatment response, no significant factor was determined on logistic regression analysis. There were 7 patients who had local or regional recurrences and one patient with distant metastasis. The only evaluable toxicity in all patients was radiation dermatitis of perianal skin (grade 3), which developed in 4 patients (9.5%) and grade 2 in 22 patients (52.4%). Conclusion: This study revealed that patients with a performance score of ECOG 0-1 survived significantly longer than those with a poorer score. Finally, there was no significant predicting factors tested for treatment response.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.550-560
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• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the physicochemical properties of sea urchin ($Anthocidaris$ $crassispina$, $Pseudocentrotus$ $depressus$, $Hernicentrotus$ $pulcherrimus$) roe as a processed or canned food by steaming treatment. Proximate compositions of $A.$ $crassispina$ roe and $P.$ $depressus$ roe were similar, but water, crude ash, and carbohydrate contents of $H.$ $pulcherrimus$ roe showed little differences. Proximate compositions of sea urchin roe showed slight differences with steaming time, raw samples showed no differences. Glycine content of the three raw sea urchin roe samples showed the highest concentration among free amino acids, followed by arginine, alanine, and lysine, in order. Total free amino acid contents of raw sea urchin roe were 754.70 mg% ($A.$ $crassispina$), 567.75 mg% ($P.$ $depressus$), and 449.44 mg% ($H.$ $pulcherrimus$). Total free amino acid content of 5 min steaming sample was highest among steaming and canning conditions. ATP, ADP, and AMP contents of raw $P.$ $depressus$ roe sample was higher than those of $A.$ $crassispina$and $H.$ $pulcherrimus$ roe. Major fatty acids of the three raw sea urchin roe samples were myristic acid, palmitic acid, and EPA. S.F.A. content of raw samples of $A.$ $crassispina$and $H.$ $pulcherrimus$ roe was higher than U.F.A content, whereas U.F.A. content of $P.$ $depressus$ roe was highest among the three raw samples. For minerals K, P, Fe, and Zn contents were highest in $A.$ $crassispina$roe while Ca, Mg, Na, and Cu contents were highest in $H.$ $pulcherrimus$ roe. For heavy metals, Cd, Pb and As were detected in all samples in trace amounts under the criteria of the Korea food codex.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.276-281
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• 2008

Extracts from Rododendron mucronulatum Turcz. flowers were tested for antioxidant and their inhibitory activities of ${\alpha}$-amylase, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). Total contents of phenolics were found as $30.6{\pm}0.14mg/g$ (60% EtOH extract) and $23.2{\pm}0.21mg/g$ (water extract). Electron donation ability (EDA), ABTS [2,2azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical decolorization, Antioxidant protection factor (PF) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARs) were measured for the antioxidative activity of the extracts from Rododendron mucronulatum Turcz. flowers. The water extract were determined as 97.5% at ethanol extract showed 83.2% and 60% EtOH extract were 89.7% in EDA. The water extract showed higher antioxidant activity than 60% EtOH extract when evaluated by ABTS radical decolorization and antioxidant PF. The TBARS of water extracts and 60% EtOH extracts were shown as $0.29{\times}10^2{\mu}M\;and\;0.28{\times}10^2{\mu}M$, respectively, and were lower than control. ACE inhibitory activity in water extract (67.6% inhibition) was higher than that of 60% EtOH extract (46.7% inhibition) at $200{\mu}g/mL$. Water extracts had higher inhibitory activities on ${\alpha}$-amylase and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase than 60% EtOH extracts. The result suggests that the water extract from Rododendron mucronulatum Turcz. flowers will be useful as natural antioxidants and functional foods.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.393-400
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• 2012

Compositional changes of the Korean chestnut (Castanea crenata) including Daebo, Tsukuba, Tanzawa and Okkwang were investigated in order to characterize them from different periods (immature, mature and storage period). Proximate compositions of mature cultivars were higher than that of the immature cultivars. Between minerals, K (263.0-420.6 mg/100 g) and P (45.8-69.6 mg/100 g) of Tanzawa were highest, and they gradually increased during storage. Tsukuba, in mature period, showed the highest contents of total essential amino acids and glutamic acids as savory amino acids. Major fatty acids were palmitic acid and linolenic acid in four cultivars. In addition, linoleic acids, as ${\omega}$-6 fatty acids, were increased during the storage period. Tanzawa, in the mature period, presented the highest levels of sucrose, however, tsukuba, in the storage period, showed relatively higher free sugar content than others. ${\beta}$-Carotene, as a provitamin A, of Tsukuba in the mature period was highly detected among them, and vitamin C of Tsukuba and Tanzawa was more plentiful than others.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1112-1117
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• 2011

This study was conducted to recommend nitrogen (N) top dressing based on soil nitrate content for leaf perilla under forcing culture in Gumsan-gun and Milyang-si. Experimental design was the randomized complete block design for five N fertilization levels and conventional fertilization. Dry weight, nitrogen uptake, and the node number of leaf perilla were measured and soil nitrate contents were analyzed monthly. The amount of nitrogen uptake for growth of a node with two leaves was $2.2kg\;10a^{-1}$ for Gumsan site and $3.5kg\;10a^{-1}$ for Milyang site. Lower level of soil nitrate N concentration for standard N fertilization was determined as $10mg\;kg^{-1}$ for both sites. Soil depth, bulk density, utilization rate of soil nitrate N, and the amount of N uptake for growth of a node with two leaves were considered for calculation of upper level of soil nitrate N concentration. The upper levels of soil nitrate N concentration for no N fertilization were determined as $30mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Gumsan site and as $40mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Milyang site. Consequently the recommendation equations for the N top dressing were Y=-0.157X+4.71 for Gumsan site and Y=-0.1667X+6.6667 for Milyang site.