• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.81 no.3
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• pp.255-262
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• 1992

Urguay Round(UR) has lots of implication in the forest product market as well as the other sectors of the economy. Chestnut, one of the major forest product in Korea, would be affected by free trade resulting from the agreement on UR. To establish effective policy measures dealing with negative effects of free trade, if any, the effect of UR on producers should be figured out. In this contest, the purposes of this study are (1) estimating the demand, supply and its price functions of this market and (2) forecasting the effect of UR on growers. Using econometric method, demand, supply and price function of this market are estimated. The total amount of yearly money loss of growers due to free trade from 1992 to 2001 are estimated for four different scenarios. In each scenario, it is assumed that the tariffication reduction is 30%, 40%, 50% and 90%. Yearly money loss of chestnut growers at the year 2001 are forecasted such as 14 billion won, 18 billion won, 24 billion won and 25 billion won for the rate of tariffication reduction of 30%, 40%, 50%, and 90%, respectively.

• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.147-162
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• 2003

The technique of information-communication rapidly developed has made it possible for us to do business through Internet. Electronic commerce was increased rapidly by the explosive development of the inter and communication revolution. E-Commerce has created a fundamentally new way of conduction and will change drastically accepted ways of doing business. Normally international trade has been formulated in a way that exporters and importers meet face-to-face and contract and pay by letter of credits. For the global electronic commerce to vitalized, the outstanding matters should encourage the creation of infrastructure of information security and new models in the field of electronic payment systems, electronic commerce agreement for remedy, adapting electronic date interchange in transport documents and negotiability of electronic bills of lading. The payment systems such as electronic fund transfers, tradecard system and electronic letters of credits issued by SWIFT system permit the parties concerned(sellers, buyers ad service providers) to settle payment electronically. Still they are many limitations for complete international electronic transactions. The following measures have to be taken to vitalize electronic trade transactions. It is needed to acquire information security such as authenticity, integrity, non-repudiation and confidentiality. All kinds of documents need to be replaced by electronic date exchange and the legal structure of international convention, national law for electronic payment systems have to be completed. Also a detailed guide of the banking operation and developing rules for electronic letters of credits need to be provided to adopt eUCP rules for the electronic presentation of documents.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.455-465
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• 2014

This study focuses on some institutional improvement for revitalization of change in building use of officetel to lifestyle lodging industry. First as analysis method, this study establishes a failure factor for change in building use of officetel to lifestyle lodging industry. Second, analyzes an urgent importance to improve it in aspect of a legal institution or management for revitalizing a change of building use of officetel to lifestyle lodging industry. As a result, a failure factor of change in building use from officetel to lifestyle lodging industry is deducted in 4 articles with 13 detailed index. As a result of AHP, 'existing contractor's 100% agreement condition' is the first place, 'commercial /semi-residential area in zoning' is the second place, 'relative cleanup zone' is the fourth place, 'late changes of building use by a complex licensing procedure' is the fifth place, 'operational risk of consignment' is the sixth place, 'deficiency in publicity of related institution' is the eighth place, 'lack of concept in lifestyle lodging industry of building code' is the ninth place, 'basic constructional condition such as parking lot sewage and fire protection system' is the tenth plce, 'installation of ventilation facility' is the eleventh place, 'installation of bathroom and shower room in each room' is the twelfth place, 'installation of kitchen facility' is the thirteenth place.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2004

Purpose: Several panoramic indices have been suggested to assess bone quality from the morphology and width of mandibular cortex on panoramic radiography. The purpose of this study was to compare dental implant failure group with control group in panoramic mandibular index (PMI), mandibular cortical index (MCI), and gonion index (GI) and to determine the effect of these panoramic indices on dental implant failure. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was designed. Test group (n=42) consisted of the patients who had their implants extracted because of peri-implantitis. Control group (n=139) consisted of the patients who retained their implants over one year without any pathologic changes and had been followed up periodically. They had dental implants installed in their mandibles without bone augmentation surgery from 1991 to 2001. The following measures were collected for each patients: 1) PMI, MCI, and GI were measured twice at one-week interval on preoperative panoramic views; and 2) age, sex, implant length, implant type, installed location, occluding dentition state, and complication were investigated from the chart record. Results: The PMI showed moderate level of repeatability. The intra-observer agreement of MCI and GI were good. There was statistically significant difference in PMI between two groups. There were significant different patterns of distribution of MCI and GI between two groups. Among the panoramic indices, PMI and MCI showed significant correlation with dental implant failure. Conclusion: Panoramic indices can be used as reference data in estimating bone quality of edentulous patients who are to have implants installed in their mandibles.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.93-100
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• 2021

With the spread of digital trade, the share of digital trade under the global trade environment is increasing. However, since there is no international digital trade standard, the discussion to establish a new trade rule has important significance. Countries around the world are implementing digital trade policies in consideration of their own interests, but different regulatory policies are causing trade conflicts. In order to provide safeguards against personal information infringement due to the free movement of data across borders, major countries around the world have taken measures to localize data, and the EU has enacted GDPR. And the United States regards the imposition of the digital tax as a trade barrier, and some countries oppose the implementation of the digital tax for fear of negative impact on their countries. However, discussions on the global digital tax, centered on the OECD and the G20 are making progress. As it is highly likely that a digital tax agreement will be drawn up within this year, countermeasures must also be prepared. Therefore, this study presents implications for the future direction of Korea's trade policy by examining recent trends in digital trade norms and analyzing major issues in digital trade.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.176-185
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• 2023

This study is a study to develop a model to measure the economic performance when introducing industrial safety design, which is emerging as a necessity for industrial accident prevention measures due to the increase in the industrial site nursing accident rate and the enforcement of the Serious Accident Punishment Act. To this end, studies on the concept of industrial safety management and industrial safety design and economic performance measurement in the field of industrial safety were conducted in terms of theoretical background. Based on the theoretical background, opinions on drafts of related indicators were collected through user opinion surveys, and focus group interviews and Delphi techniques were conducted with experts, and research was conducted to advance the model. In order to secure objectivity, the causal relationship between the introduction of industrial safety design, cost reduction effect, and sales increase effect was tested through regression analysis. After going through these steps, two models of economic performance measurement of industrial safety design were finally developed: a model based on the first-stage disaster loss cost reduction effect and a second-stage sales increase effect. In order to be applied to actual industrial sites, it should be able to be presented as a standard for the degree of service level agreement of industrial safety design beyond a simple checklist.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.38 no.10 s.159
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• pp.811-824
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• 2005

The ADCP is an instrument based on Doppler effect, which measures discharge of a river in a short time while crossing it. In this study we aim to make a comparison of the discharge results from a moving-vessel ADCP with those measured by velocity-area method at the same cross-section, and to investigate the characteristics of velocity and discharge data using ADCP. Bathymetry measured by ADCP almost coincides with that by direct depth measurements. Because velocity data from ADCP are essentially instantaneous, individual velocity profiles obtained by ADCP are rather different from time-averaged velocity profiles. But spatially averaged velocity profiles of the individual ADCP data near the comparable verticals have similar vertical velocity pattern with the time-averaged ones. The average velocity profile from repeatedly crossed data is also similar with the time-averaged one. In case of the velocity distribution, individual and spatially averaged data for the sub-width of mid-section method Have good agreement with those by velocity-area method. Discharge data determined by averaging several ADCP measurement transects have $0.1\%{\~}9.3\%$ of difference with those from velocity-area method, and as the number of measurement increases, the relative difference to the velocity-area method decreases.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.81-100
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• 2010

This paper measures the impacts of the Korea-China Free Trade Agreement (FTA) on the emissions of carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) in Korean export industries. The Korean industrial exports were forecasted by employing Bayesian Kalman Filter Vector Auto-Regression (BVAR) model. The emissions of $CO_2$ were then estimated by applying the $CO_2$ emission coeffcients on the conditionally forecasted values of export by industries. Under the conditional scenario of the 50% reduction in current tariff rate through FTA between Korea and China, the total $CO_2$ emissions in Korea were expected to increase by 1.96% compared to the BAU (Non FT A) trend at the end of 2010. Another conditional scenario with no tariff after 2012 was also adopted. In this case, the total $CO_2$ emlssions were estimated to increase by 2.06% compared to the BAU up until the end of 2014. These facts imply that the FTA between Korea and China would not result in the significant increase of $CO_2$ emissions in Korea.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.5-14
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• 2021

As the implementation of carbon reduction measures would be monitored starting from 2023 in line with the Paris Agreement, it is crucial and urgent to control GHGs emitted from wastes contributing to 11% of methane emissions. Despite such importance and urgency, 93% of wastes are deposited in unsanitary landfills in developing countries, presenting challenges to methane management. Against the backdrop, landfill gas-to-energy projects have once again drawn attention for their economic substantiality secured through CDM projects while there has been much research actively carried out to estimate methane emissions and GHG reductions in landfills located in developing countries. Although a signifiant difference was found between estimations calculated based on research methodologies and actual results monitored through registered CDM projects, there has not been a study conducted on what is causing such a difference. Accordingly, the research team conducted an analysis of 18 LFG projects out of 46 that were registered as LFG CDM projects under the UNFCCC and has identified precipitation(28%), malfunction(22%), organic content(11%), amount of landfilled waste(11%) and temperature(11%) as key parameters causing the difference between the amount of methane captured and the amount of GHG reduced.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.674-694
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• 2007

Recently private procurement projects for urban infrastructure have been emphasized and introduced by government(both central and local) as an important method to supplement public budget shortage and to improve creativity and efficiency in its construction and operation, and hence to promote regional development. But these private procurement projects seem to be implemented under the neoliberal condition of urban policy for private capital to extend its sphere of investment and to ensure its opportunity of profit. Such private procurement projects for urban infrastructure have been legislated and widely applied since 1994 in S. Korea, but in recent years they have triggered out a variety of serious problems. In results of this study on the private procurement for construction and operation of Burnan Road in Daegu, it can be pointed out, it has led serious problems such as overestimation of traffic volume in plan, over-appropriation of construction cost and appurtenant business, irYational operation and account of the operating firm, problem in refinancing and change in contents of practical agreement, and over-compensation of minimum operation revenue. Some measures that can be considered as alternatives to resolve those problems and to operate more rationally the Buman Road include those of increasing traffic revenues, of reducing supports of public financing, and withdrawal of (part or whole of) operational right from the private firm.