• 한국정밀공학회지
• /
• 제25권5호
• /
• pp.155-163
• /
• 2008

This study investigated biomechanical response through the 3-dimensional virtual skeletal model developed and validated. Ten male subjects in standing posture were exposed to whole body vibrations and measured acceleration on anatomical of interest (head, $7^{th}$ cervical, $10^{th}$ thoracic, $4^{th}$ lumbar, knee joint and bottom of the vibrator). Three dimensional virtual skeletal model and vibration machine were created by using BRG LifeMOD and MSC.ADAMS. The results of forward dynamic analysis were compared with results of experiment. The results showed that the accuracy of developed model was $73.2{\pm}19.2%$ for all conditions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제25권7호
• /
• pp.1021-1028
• /
• 2012

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) discriminate microbial pathogens and induce T-cell responses of appropriate effector phenotype accordingly. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), in part, mediate this microbial recognition and differentiation while the development of T-cell effector functions critically depends on the release of Th1- or Th2- type cytokines. In the present study, buffalo PBMCs were stimulated under in vitro culture conditions by Bacillus subtilis cell wall petidoglycan, a TLR2 ligand, in a dose- and time- dependent manner. The expression of TLR2 as well as the subsequent differential induction of the Th1 and Th2 type cytokines was measured. Stimulation was analyzed across five doses of peptidoglycan ($10{\mu}g/ml$, $20{\mu}g/ml$, $30{\mu}g/ml$, $40{\mu}g/ml$ and $50{\mu}g/ml$) for 3 h, 12 h, 24 h and 36 h incubation periods. We observed the induction of TLR2 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner and the peptidoglycan induced tolerance beyond $30{\mu}g/ml$ dose at all incubation periods. The correlation between peptidoglycan stimulation and TLR2 induction was found positive at all doses and for all incubation periods. Increased production of all the cytokines was observed at low doses for 3 h incubation, but the expression of IL-4 was relatively higher than IL-12 at the higher antigen doses, indicating tailoring towards Th2 response. At 12 h incubation, there was a pronounced decrease in IL-4 and IL-10 expression relative to IL-12 in a dose- dependent manner, indicating skewing to Th1 polarization. The expression of IL-12 was highest for all doses across all the incubation intervals at 24 h incubation, indicating Th1 polarization. The relative expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IFN-${\gamma}$ was also higher while that of IL-4 and IL-10 showed a decrease. For 36 h incubation, at low doses, relative increase in the expression of IL-4 and IL-10 was observed which decreased at higher doses, as did the expression of all other cytokines. The exhaustion of cytokine production at 36 h indicated that PBMCs became refractory to further stimulation. It can be concluded from this study that the cytokine response to sPGN initially was of Th2 type which skews, more pronouncedly, to Th1 type with time till the cells become refractory to further stimulation.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.503-510
• /
• 2010

대부분의 알려진 알러젠들은 단백분해효소의 성격을 가지고 있고 이는 알레르기 반응에서 Th2 면역 반응을 일으키는 데 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이러한 단백분해효소들과 반응하는 것으로 알려진 protease activated receptor (PAR) 는 4가지 종류가 있으며, 이 중 PAR2의 경우 알레르기 질환과 많은 상관관계를 보여 많은 연구가 되고 있다. 본 연구는 Aspergillus protease 알러젠에 의한 초기 및 만성 Th2 면역반응에서 PAR2 의 역할을 규명하기 위해 Aspergillus protease 알러젠으로 정상쥐와 PAR2 유전자 결핍쥐 모두 Th2 반응을 유도한 후 면역세포의 침윤 정도 및 Th2 관련 cytokine 및 chemokine 유전자들의 발현 정도를 비교하였다. 그 결과 Aspergillus protease 알러젠으로 비강내로 1회 처리했을 경우 중성구의 침윤이 두드러지는데, 이때 PAR2 결핍 마우스는 이러한 면역세포의 침윤이 유의적으로 감소하였다. 또한, 이와 관련된 IL-25, TSLP, Eotaxin 유전자들의 발현 역시 PAR2 결핍 마우스에 현저히 감소하였다. 한편, Aspergillus protease 알러젠으로 비강내로 6회 처리했을 경우 중성구 대신 호산구의 침윤이 두드러지지만 PAR2 결핍 마우스에서 그 정도가 유의적으로 낮았다. OVA 특이 IgE와 IgG1 농도 역시 현저하게 PAR2 결핍 마우스에서 낮았고, CCL21의 발현이 PAR2 결핍마우스 MEF cells에서 현저히 감소하였다. Th2 초기 면역반응에서 가장 중요한 IL-25의 발현에 MAKP p38 pathway가 관여한다는 것을 이번 연구에서 알 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 Aspergillus protease 알러젠으로 유도된 알러지성 기관지 염증 반응에서 초기 반응뿐만 아니라 만성반응에서도 PAR2가 중요한 것을 알 수 있다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.262-269
• /
• 2005

Kamiinsamyangyoung-tang(KIT) has been widely used to treat amenorrhea and bradymenorrea caused from vital energy and blood deficit. KIT was composed of Insamyangyoung-tang, Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum and Hominis Placenta. The aim of this study is to investigate effect of KIT on Immune response and Blood formation. We investigated thymocytes, splenocytes population, ${\gamma}$-interferon, IL-2, IL-4, NO and phagocytic activity. We found that KIT had no effect on the Th and Tc cell population of thymocytes, Th cell population of splenocytes and ${\gamma}$-interferon quantity was decreased. KIT decreased the formation of Nitric Oxide from abdominal macrophage, on the other hand, it had no influence on the quantity of IL-2, IL-4.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• 제19권5호
• /
• pp.374-380
• /
• 1996

Sprague-Dawley male rats (150 g) were chronically treated with 5 v/v % ethanol admixed with nutritionally complete liquid diet and fed ad libitum for 3 weeks. One half of each group was exposed to cold stress at 4 ^{\circ}C either for 24 h (for determination of mRNA by in situ hybridization) or for 48 h (for determination of enzyme activity). Chronic ethanol treatment (ethanol) did not affect tyrosine hydroxylase(TH) mRNA level in locus coeruleus(LC) of brain and adrenal medulla(AM) compared to controls. Cold stress showed strong increase of TH mRNA level in LC and AM compared to controls. Pretreated ethanol reduced the increased TH mRNA level by cold stress in LC and AM. Ethanol did not affect TH activity in LC and adenal glands(adrenals). Cold stress increased TH activity in LC but not in adrenals. Pretreated ethanol did not reduce the increased TH activity by cold stress in LC but this result was not shown in adrenals. Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase(PNMT) activity in $C_{1}$$C_{2}$ and adrenals increased only in ethanol treated group. THese results suggest that ethanol does not affect TH mRNA level and activity in LC and adrenals, but increases PNMT activity in $C_{1}$$C_{2}$ and adrenals in normal rat. It is also suggested that pretreated ethanol reduces the magnitude of cold stress response, that is induction of TH mRNA in LC and AM, and does not reduce the protein activation of TH that is also cold stress response in LC.

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제18권5호
• /
• pp.1347-1355
• /
• 2004

In this study, the immunological effect of a traditional Korea herbal acupuncture, that has been widely used for the treatment of various immunological disorders including inflammation in Korea, was examined in vitro and in vivo. In our previous study demonstrated that BV increased the expression of IFN-γ mRNA, that plays pivotal role in T cell response. This study was designated to evaluate the effect of BV on helper T cell development by monitoring Th1/Th2 specific cytokine secretion patterns in artificially induced Th1/Th2 polarized condition and in vivo. The results demonstrated that BV didn't have mitogenic effects on the unstimulated CD4+ T cell, but increased the CD4+ T cell proliferation upon activation with anti-CD3/CD28 antibody. The Th1 cells were over-populated dramatically in Th1 driven condition with BV treatment, while the Th2 cells were increased slightly in Th2 skewed condition. Furthermore, under Th1-skewed conditions, the level of IFN-γ was considerably increased with BV treatment. Besides, the expression of T-bet, a transcription factor that plays pivotal role in Th1 lineage programming, was increased with BV treatment. The expressions of IFN-γ and T-bet were also significantly increased in vivo. The results that Th1 specific cytokine secretion were considerably increased and Th2 specific cytokine secretion were not significantly changed in vitro and in vivo indicated that BV enhances Th1 lineage development, Therefore, these results suggest that BV might be desirable agent for correction of Th1 dominant pathological disorders.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• 제46권2호
• /
• pp.175-184
• /
• 1999

연구배경: 알레르기성 기관지 천식은 가역적인 기도폐색과 기관지의 과민성을 동반하는 기도의 만성적인 호산구성 염증성 질환으로서 기도의 염증발현에 관여하는 세포는 여러가지가 있지만 Th 림프구는 cytokine을 분비하여 염증반응을 조절하는 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. Th 림프구는 cytokine의 분비양상에 따라 Th1 림프구와 Th2 림프구로 나뉘어지며 Th1 림프구는 지연형 과민반응과 결핵균이나 바이러스 감염등에 대한 방어작용 그리고 종양에 대한 숙주반응에 관여하고 Th2 림프구는 즉시형 과민반응과 알레르기성 천식과 같은 알레르기성 질환 그리고 기생충 감염등에 대한 방어작용에 관여한다. Th1 림프구와 Th2 림프구는 서로 길항작용을 하는 것으로 알려지고 있어 대표적인 Th1 림프구 매개 질환인 결핵과 Th2 림프구 매개질환인 알레르기성 기관지 천식은 서로의 발생을 억제할 것으로 추정되며 알레르기성 기관지 천식환자에서는 Th2 림프구의 기능이 항진되어 Th1 림프구의 기능이 억제되고 반대로 Th1 림프구의 기능이 정상인 집단에서는 알레르기성 천식환자에 비해 Th2 림프구의 기능이 저하되어 있을 것으로 추정된다. 방 법: 정상 대조군과 알레르기성 천식환자군, 그리고 내인성 천식환자군에서 투베르쿨린 피부반응의 양상을 실시하여 지연형 과민반응의 양상을 관찰하고 혈청 IgE의 농도와 말초혈액 호산구 수를 조사하였다. 그리고 Th1 림프구에서 주로 생산되는 cytokine인 IFN-$\gamma$와 IL-12, Th2 림프구에서 주로 생산되는 IL-4, IL-5, IL-10의 혈청 농도를 측정하였다. 결 과: 투베르쿨린 피부반응의 양성율은 알레르기성 천식환자군이 내인성 천식환자군에 비해 투베르쿨린 피부반응에 대한 양성율이 유의하게 낮았으며(p<0.05), 투베르쿨린 피부반응의 정도는 내인성 천식환자군에 비하여 알레르기성 천식환자에서 유의하게 감소되어 있었다 (p<0.05). IL-4와 IL-10은 알레르기성 천식환자군에서 다른 두 군에 비하여 통계적으로 유의하지 않았으나 증가되어 있었고 IL-5는 알레르기성 천식환자군에서 다른 두 군에 비하여 유의하게 증가되어 있었다 (p<0.01). IL-12와 IFN-$\gamma$는 알레르기성 천식환자군과 내인성 천식환자군에서 정상 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 감소되어 있었다(p<0.05). 알레르기성 천식환자군에서 말초 혈액 호산구 수와 혈청 IgE 농도는 정상 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 증가하여 있었다(p<0.05). 알레르기성 천식환자에서 말초혈액 호산구 수는 혈청 IgE(r=0.737, p=0.003), IL-5(r=0.352, p=0.038), IL-10(r=0.827, p=0.001)과 서로 유의한 상관관계를 보이면서 증가하고 있었다. 전체적으로 Th2 cytokine인 IL-5와 IL-10의 혈청 농도는 서로 유의한 상관관계를 나타내고 있었고(r=0.340, p=0.046), IL-12와 IFN-$\gamma$ 혈청 농도도 서로 유의한 상관관계를 나타내고 있었다(r=0.593, p=0.001). 결 론: 알레르기성 기관지 천식환자는 정상 대조군에 비하여 Th1 림프구의 기능이 저하되어 있었고 Th2 림프구의 기능은 항진되어 있었으며, 이러한 Th2 림프구의 기능 항진은 말초혈액 호산구 수와 혈청 IgE와 유의한 상관관계를 보이고 있어 Th2 림프구 기능 항진이 알레르기성 기관지 천식의 병인에 중요한 역할을 할 가능성이 있음을 알 수 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.541-548
• /
• 2003

The Immunoglobulin $IgG_1$ and $IgG_2$ isotype immune responses of domestic ruminants and mice to Cowdria. ruminantium live infection or by immunization with inactivated organisms were determined by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting. Immunization of goats with inactivated elementary bodies (IEBs) led to a predominant $IgG_1$ isotype response. This indicated that a Th2 response was induced. After challenge, the IgG isotype responses were mixed whereby both $IgG_1$ and $IgG_2$ antibodies were detected. Two goats that survived virulent challenge had a predominant $IgG_2$ isotype response. In cattle live infection by natur l challenge or experiment led to a predominant $IgG_1$ isotype response. Immunization of cattle with IEBs however led to mixed IgG responses characterized by similar $IgG_1$ and $IgG_2$ ratios. In the mouse live infection led to a predominant $IgG_2$ isotype response. This indicated the mouse developed a true Th1 type cell mediated immune response when inoculated with live organisms. Immunization with inactivated organisms on the other hand led to a dominant $IgG_1$ response. It is evident from this work that the immune responses of ruminants and mice to C. ruminantium are different and that using mice as the experimental model for immune responses to Cowdria ruminantium. is not the appropriate.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제31권3호
• /
• pp.420-427
• /
• 2011

The use of lactic-acid bacteria (LAB) is effective for preventing and curing immune disorders by activating the immune system in the digestive tract and the consequent immune response in the blood. In this study, LAB and mixed LABs were used in an atopic dermatitis (AD) mouse model. Alleviation of AD was observed based on the change in cytokine level and immunohistochemical staining. An ex vivo test showed that immunoglobulin-E and interleukin (IL)-4 levels were significantly lower in all groups treated with LAB than in the group treated with only 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Results of an in vivo test based on the ex vivo results showed that the scratch score decreased in all groups treated with the LAB and particularly decreased in the group treated with mixed LABs. Additionally, the T helper (Th) 1 cytokines interferon-gamma and IL-12p40 were upregulated by the LAB and mixed-LABs, whereas levels of the Th2 cytokine IL-4 were downregulated in a mouse model of AD-like skin lesions. Furthermore, hematoxylin & eosin and immunohistochemical staining of the dorsal area of the mice in each group showed that AD improved in the LAB-treated groups. These results suggest that LAB and mixed LABs inhibit the development of AD in NC/Nga mice by suppressing the Th2 cell response and increasing the Th1 cell response. Our results indicate that mixed LABs are better than LAB for treating AD-like skin lesions.

• 대한물리의학회지
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.11-20
• /
• 2012

Purpose : This study is intended to examine the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognitive function in the focal ischemic stroke rat model. Methods : This study selected 30 Sprague-Dawley rats of 8 weeks. The groups were divided into two groups and assigned 15 rats to each group. Control group: Non-treatment after injured by focal ischemic stroke; Experimental group: application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(0.1 Tesla, 25 Hz, 20 min/time, 2 times/day, 5 days/2 week) after injured by focal ischemic stroke. To assess the effect of rTMS, the passive avoidance test, spatial learning and memory ability test were analyzed at the pre, 1 day, $7^{th}$ day, $14^{th}$ day and immunohistochemistric response of BDNF were analyzed in the hippocampal dentate gyrus at $7^{th}$ day, $14^{th}$ day. Results : In passive avoidance test, the outcome of experimental group was different significantly than the control group at the $7^{th}$ day, $14^{th}$ day. In spatial learning and memory ability test, the outcome of experimental group was different significantly than the control group at the $7^{th}$ day, $14^{th}$ day. In immunohistochemistric response of BDNF in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, experimental groups was more increased than control group. Conclusion : These result suggest that improved cognitive function by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation after focal ischemic stroke is associated with dynamically altered expression of BDNF in hippocampal dentate gyrus and that is related with synaptic plasticity.