• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.7-16
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• 2009

Appenzeller cheese samples were prepared by addition of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% green tea (Camellia sinensis, CS) powder and control cheese. We examined various quality characteristics of the novel cheese, such as viable-cell counts, pH, water-soluble nitrogen (WSN), non-casein nitrogen (NCN), non-protein nitrogen (NPN), and catechin level during maturation for 16 weeks at $14^{\circ}C$. To develop a Korean natural cheese containing green tea powder, we also analyzed the changes in the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern, chemical composition, and sensory qualities. The viable cell counts of the samples were not significantly different. Until the $3^{rd}$ week, the pH of the CS cheese decreased with an increase in the maturation time. However, the pH gradually increased by the $12^{th}$ week, while WSN, NCN, NPN also increased. The WSN, NCN, NPN, and catechin values for the CS cheese samples were significantly higher than the values for the control cheese. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic pattern of caseins for the CS cheese indicated that this cheese degraded more rapidly than the control cheese did. In the sensory evaluation, cheese with 1.0% CS powder showed the highest scores in taste and appearance and good scores in flavor and texture. These results indicate that 1.0% CS is the optimal value for addition to cheese, and cheese containing 1.0% CS shows good physiological properties and reasonably high overall sensory acceptability.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.205-218
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• 2009

This experiment was performed to evaluate the morphological responses of the gastric epithelial cells of the mouse, inoculated with Ehrlich carcinoma cells in the inguinal area, following administration of BCG. Healthy adult ICR mice weighing 25 gm each were divided into normal and experimental groups (tumor control group and BCG-treated group). In the experimental groups, each mouse was inoculated with $1{\times}10^7$ Ehrlich carcinoma cells subcutaneously in the inguinal area. From next day after inoculations, 0.2 mL of saline or BCG (0.5 mL/25 g B.W.: $0.03{\times}10^8{\sim}0.32{\times}10^8$ CFU) were injected subcutaneously to the animals every other day, respectively. The day following the 7th injection of saline or BCG, each mouse was injected with a single dose of 0.7 ${\mu}Ci/g$ of methyl-$^3H$-thymidine (25 Ci/mmol, Amersham Lab., England) through tail vein. Seventy minutes after the thymidine injection, animals were sacrificed, and gastric tissues were taken and fixed in 10% neutral formalin. Deparaffinized sections were coated with autoradiographic emulsion EM-1 (Amersham Lab., England) in a dark room. The number of labeled epithelial cells in the gastric mucosae (mean number of labeled epithelial cells per 3.5 mm length of mucosa) were observed and calculated. And for electron microscopic observation, gastric tissues were prefixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde solution, followed by post-fixation with 1% osmium tetroxide solution. On the light microscopic study, gastric mucosae had no morphological changes following the injection of BCG. On the electron microscopic study, in the BCG-treated mice, myelin figures and multivesicular bodies within the gastric epithelial cells were observed more frequently than in those of the normal control ones. On the autoradiographic study, number of the labeled cells of normal control, tumor control and BCG-treated mice were 380.2 (${\pm}31.35$), 426.1 (${\pm}28.43$) and 301.8 (${\pm}34.63$), respectively. In the BCG-treated mice, poorly-labeled cells containing only a few silver grains of 3H-thymidine were observed more frequently as compared in those of the normal control and tumor control ones. From the above results, BCG may suppress the DNA synthesis of the gastric epithelial cells, but does not results severe fine structural defect on the gastric epithelial cells. These results suggest that BCG is expected as one of the effective supplemental anticancer drugs.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.183-190
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding diets supplemented with ${\beta}-glucan$ products on the performance, small intestinal microflora and immune response in laying hens. The ${\beta}-glucan$ products used in the experiment were $BetaPolo^{(R)}$ ; soluble ${\beta}-glucan$ of microbial cell wall origin, $HiGlu^{(R)}$ ; microbial cell wall origin, $OGlu^{(R)}$ ; oat origin, $BGlu^{(R)}$ ; barley origin. A total of 720 Hy-Line Brown laying hens of 40wks old were divided into 5 dietary treatments : T1 ; Control( C), T2 ; $BetaPolo^{(R)}$, T3 ; $HiGlu^{(R)}$, T4 ; $OGlu^{(R)}$, T5 ; $BGlu^{(R)}$. Each treatment was replicated 4 times with 36 birds/replicate housed in 2 bird cages, and arranged according to completely randomized block design. Feeding trial lasted 40ds under 16 h lighting regimens. There were significant differences among treatments in hen-house egg production feed intake and feed conversion. HiGlu treatment was significantly higher than OGlu treatments in hen-house egg production. ${\beta}-glucan$ supplemented treatments were lower than the control in feed intake and feed conversion ratio. All ${\beta}-glucan$ supplemented treatments were significantly higher than the control in eggshell strength. Eggshell color and Haugh unit tended to be lower in the supplemented group than the control. IgY concentration was not significantly affected by treatments. At $5^{th}$ week of experiment, however, IgY concentration tended to increase in the supplemented groups. Among the leucocytes parameters, WBC, heterophil, lymphocytes, monocyte and eosinophil concentration were lower in the supplemented groups than those of the control. Among erythrocytes, HCT(hematocrit) and MCV(mean corpuscular volume) were significantly affected by treatment. MCV of supplemented groups were higher than that of the control. Immunoglobulin concentrations in the birds were not significantly different among treatments. However, IgA concentration tended to be low in the supplemented groups than the control. The cfu of small intestinal microflora were not significantly different among treatments, but that of Cl. perfringens tended to be lower than the control. The result of this experiment indicateted that feeding ${\beta}-glucan$ to laying hens improve feed conversion ratio and eggshell strength. Also intestinal microflora and immune responses are modified.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.7
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• pp.605-614
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• 2009

Most cancer patients are treated with surgery, chemotherapy or radiation as anticancer therapies. Especially in the case of radiation, these treatments produce adverse effects such as vomiting, weight loss, anorexia, normal cell damage and malabsorption. The major goal of this study was to determine the effect of irradiation on the nutritional and immune status in irradiated rats. A secondary goal was to determine the effectiveness of high protein diet (HP) and resveratrol (Res) in minimizing the adverse effects of radiation. Rats were divided into four groups: normal diet (NP), HP, NP + Res and HP + Res groups. Each group was further divided into subgroups that received radiation (RT group) and one that did not (non-RT group). Each diet was supplied from $12^{th}$ day prior to irradiation treatment with irradiation dose of 17.5 Gy. The diets were continued until 10th day after radiation treatment and animals were sacrificed. The radiation treatment showed decreased body weight, serum protein and HDL levels and increased TG and LDL levels in nutritional status. HP, NP + Res and HP + Res groups reduced the level of serum LDL and TG in irradiated rats. NP + Res and HP + Res groups increased reduced albumin level of serum in RT group. In case of immune status, the radiation treat-ment showed decreased WBC, lymphocytes and increased neutrophil and eosinophil levels. The levels of serum IL-2 and IL-6 were significantly increased by radiation, however the cytokine levels decreased in all dietary treatment groups. These results showed that high protein diet and resveratrol supplementation seem to minimize the adverse effects of radiation on lipid nutritional status and inflammation response in the rat model.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.280-288
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• 2017

Nanocarbon base materials such as, graphene and graphene hybrid with high electrochemical performances have great deal of attention to investigate flexible, stretchable display and wearable electronics in order to develop portable and high efficient energy storage devices. Battery, fuel cell and supercapacitor are able to achieve those properties for flexible, stretchable and wearable electronics, especially the supercapacitor is a promise energy storage device due to their remarkable properties including high power and energy density, environment friendly, fast charge-discharge and high stability. In this study, we have fabricated flexible supercapacitor composed of graphene/conductive polymer composite which could improve its electrochemical performance. As a result, specific capacitance value of the flexible supercapacitor (unbent) was $198.5F\;g^{-1}$ which decreased to $128.3F\;g^{-1}$ (65% retention) after $500^{th}$ bending cycle.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.149-152
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• 1975

In spite of great advances in surgical treatment during past several decades, surgery of the trachea failed to develop correspondingly, partly because of relative rarity of the tracheal lesions and partly because of difficulties in surgical technique and anesthesia. Surgical diseases of the trachea are largely obstructions due to neoplasm or cicatrical stenosis and tracheal malacia. The present treatment of respiratory failure, using cuffed endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes, has produced, apparently with increasing frequency, tracheal stenosis, tracheomalized tracheal erosion. Surgery is presently the only reasonable way to treat stenotic lesions of the tracheobronchial tree. In the case of tumors, the current trend has been that of radical excision. Primary end-to--end reconstruction of the trachea has been generally recognized as the ideal method of repair following resection. However, for decades it was believed that a maximum of four tracheal rings only might be excised and primary healing achieved with safety. A great variety of procedures, developed by numerous investigations and directed at tracheal substitution, have almost invariably met with discouraging results. A meticulous study done by Grillo and associates on autopsy specimens has shown that an average 6.4cm of mediastinal trachea can be safely resected by full mobilization of the right lung and transplantation of the left main bronchus into the bronchus intermedius. Recently, we experienced a case of successful resection of a tumor of the tracheal carina and primary tracheo-left main bronchial anastomosis at the Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, the National Medical Center in Seoul. The patient, a 29-year-old man, was admitted to the hospital with complaints of dyspnea and cough. On admission, chest film showed hydropneumothorax on the right. After closed thoracostomy, hydropneumothorax disappeared, but hazy densities, developed in the right middle and lower lung fields, resisted to treatment. Bronchoscopy uncovered irregular tumor covering the carina and the right main bronchus, and biopsy indicated well differentiated squamous Cell carcinoma. Operation was performed on July 2, 1975. A right postero-lateral thoracotomy was used. Excision involved the lower trachea, the carina, the left main bronchus and the right lung. This was followed by direct anastomosis between the trachea and the left main bronchus. Bronchography was done on 17th postoperative day revealed good result of operation without stricture at the site ofanastomosis. About one month after the operation symptoms and signs of bronchial irritation with dyspnea developed, and these responded to respiratory care. On 82nd postoperative day, sudden dyspnea developed at night and the patient expired several hours later. Autopsy was not done and the cause of death was uncertain.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2000

It is important to identify modifiable risk factors for breast cancer, because the breast cancer is one of the major causs of mortality among women. Some reported that obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer, but the results are not constant. Many risk factors are related to the duration of estrogenic stimulation of the breast. In general, early menarche and late menopause are positive risk factors. Human breast cancer has different characteristics according to the status of menopause(premenopause and postmenopause). In premenopausal women, about 60% of circulating estrogen is from the ovaries in the form of estradiol, and the remaining 40% is estrogen formed primarily in the adipose(fat) tissue via aromatization of androstenedion from the adrenal glands. After menopause this adipose cell production of estrone is the main source of estrogens and the level of estrone is maintained approximately at premenopausal levels. This study was undertaken to determine the role of body size and body mass index by status of menopause in development of breast cancer using retrospective case/control study. From March 1991 to February 1997 at the Wonkwang University Hospital, the breast cancer cases(n=72) and controls(n=86) were selected. By statistical analysis method, regression analysis, paired T-test and multiple logistic regression were done to estimate the influenced factors same as height, weight, BMI, age at menarche and age at menopause. The following results were obtained : 1. In premenopausal women, age at menarche was showed comparatively high correlation coefficients and BMI was described prominently highly in postmenopause. 2. At the results of multiple regression analysis, age at monarch, BMI and weight were showed as significant variables. In this method, critical factor ($R^2$) was 0.054. 3. Paired samples T-test was undertaken to test mean difference between two groups of cases and controls. The result of test performance showed a significant difference. 4. In comparison with women whose weight less than 50 kg, the ORs for the upper 5th group was 1.82(95% confidence interval). The heaviest women had a higher risk(OR=1.14, 95% confidence interval $1.12{\sim}1.31$, p=0.005). Higher body mass index was significantly associated with increased risk of premenopausal breast cancer (OR=1.01, 95% confidence interval $1.08{\sim}l.18$, p=0.05).

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.776-784
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• 2014

Korean dishes, Hansik are characterized by healthful vegetable intake. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of commonly consumed vegetables by Koreans on obesity/metabolic disease-related inflammation. Through statistical analysis of the KNHANES database ($1^{st}$ 1998, $5^{th}$ 2010, 2011) and a literature review, we selected vegetables for study. Among the vegetables, main or sub ingredients of Kimchi were excluded. Samples were prepared using only edible portions and freeze-dried. After grinding, samples were extracted with ethanol, evaporated and finally lyophilized. The cytotoxicity of samples was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, at various concentrations that do not affect cell viability. Raw 264.7 macrophages were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 11 kinds of samples or positive control (troglitazone) dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). After 24 hours, nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor ${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) production were determined. Excepts for young pumpkin and bracken, nine samples effectively reduced NO production compared with control treated with LPS and DMSO. NO levels of five samples (bean sprouts, leeks, eggplant, mugwort, and pumpkin) were similar to that of the positive control. These five samples showed significantly decreased TNF-${\alpha}$ or MCP-1 compared to the control group. Our results suggest that consumption of commonly consumed vegetables contributes to partial prevention of obesity and related metabolic syndrome through reduction of NO, TNF-${\alpha}$, and MCP-1 production.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.143-154
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• 1991

Pneumconiosis is a sort of pulmonary fibrosis consequent to the inhalation of the respirable dusts. Thus, the pathogenesis of silicosis have concentrated largely on the early response of alveolar macrophage and the later fibroblastic stimulation. But the role of the other cells and continuing cell injury in the pathogenesis has not been fully studied. And the chemical factors such as prostaglandin, fibroblast stimulating factor and inhibiting factor and chemotaxin are also participated in the mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis in silicosis. In order to clarify the role of alveolar cells and prostaglandin, we investigated the changes of the cellularities in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and tissue pathology in the experimental silicosis with the time sequence. The experimental animals were divided into 3 groups; control group received only intratracheal injection of 0.5 ml saline, silica group received the intratracheal instillation of 40 mg silica with the same amount saline, and aspirin group received 450 mg/kg of aspirin after silica instillation. The results were as follows: 1) The total cells of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the silica group markedly increased in comparison with the control group, but there was no significant difference between the silica and aspirin groups. 2) The percentages of alveolar macrophages to the total number of cells in the silica group tended to be lower than those in the control group and also lower than those in the aspirin group at the 1st week after silica instillation. 3) The percentages of neutrophils to the total number of cells in the silica group were significantly higher than those in the control group during the entire period and also higher than those in the aspirin group at the 3rd day after silica instillation. 4) In the silica group, the percentages of lymphocytes to the total number of cells were increased 143 progressively with the time course and those were significantly higher than those in the control group from the 3rd week after silica administration. There were marked differences of lymphocyte percentages between the silica and aspirin groups at the 1st week after silica instillation. 5) The inflammatory change was observed in the rat lung at the 1st day after silica instillation. Also the silicotic nodule appeared in the silica group at the 1st week but we could not find out that nodule in the aspirin group at that time. The fibrotic changes in the rat lung tended to be increased progressively with the time course, therefore, the diffuse fibrotic pattern appeared in the whole field at the 20th week after silica instillation. 6) By the electron microscopy, there were gradual increases of phagosomes and vacuoles in the alveolar macrophage in the silica group as compared with the control group. These results suggest that the neutrophils and the lymphocytes have also participated in the pulmonary fibrosis even though the alveolar macrophage has a major role, and prostaglandin mediate the inflammation and pulmanary fibrosis in the experimental silicosis.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.243-248
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• 2003

Sperrnatogenesis, the process by which the male germ-line stem cells(GSCs; type A spermatogonia) divide and differentiate to produce the mature spermatozoa, occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testis. The GSCs proliferate actively to produce two types of cells: other GSCs and differentiating spermatogonia. GSCs have unipotentcy, devoted solely to the generation of sperm. The function of GSCs has broad implications for development, disease, and evolution. Spermatogenesis is fundamental for propagation of species and the defects of this system can result in infertility or disease. The ability to identify, isolate, culture, and alter GSCs will allow powerful new approaches in animal transgenesis and human gene therapy relating to infertility. Until recently, research on stem cells in the testis has been limited because of technical difficulties in isolating and identifying these cell populations. Here, we were trying to find out optimal conditions for in vitro culture of GSCs for identifying and isolating GSCs. We collected mouse GSCs from 3-days old mouse by two-step enzyme digestion method. GSCs were plated and grown on mouse embryonic fibroblasts in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 15％ fatal bovine serum, 10 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 1％ non-essential amino acids, 1 ng/$m\ell$ bFGF, 10 $\mu$M forskolin, 1500 U/$m\ell$ human recombinant leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Over a period 3∼5 days, GSCs gave rise to large multicellular colonies resembling those of mouse pluripotent stem cells. After 5th passages, cells within the colonies continued to be alkaline phosphatase and Oct-4 positive and tested positive against a panel of two immunological markers(Integrin $\alpha$ 6 and Integrin $\beta$ 1) that have been recognized generally to characterize GSCs. SSEA-1, SSEA-3, and SSEA-4 also showed positive signals. Based on our data, these GSCs-derived cultures meet the criteria for GSCs itself and even other pluripotent stem cells. We reported here the establishment of in vitro cultures from mouse male GSCs.