• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1021-1027
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• 2004

Panax ginseng has been used as a typical tonic medicine in Asian countries, such as Korea, China, and Japan. It has been reported that ginsenoside Rg1 in Panax ginseng increases the proportion of T helper cells in the whole T cells and promotes IL-2 gene expression in murine splenocytes. These studies imply that ginsenoside Rg1 increases the immune activity of CD4+ T cell, however the exact mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 on helper T cell remains to be verified. The present study tried to elucidate the direct effect of Rg1 on helper T cell s activities and its Th1/Th2 lineage development. The results demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg1 had not mitogenic effects on the unstimulated CD4+ T cell, but augmented CD4+ T cell proliferation upon activating with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies in a dose dependent manner. Rg1 also enhanced the expression of cell surface protein CD69 on CD4+ T cell. In Th0 condition, ginsenoside Rg1 increases the expression of IL-2 mRNA, and enhances the expression of IL-4 mRNA on CD4+ T cells, suggesting Rg1 prefer to induce Th2 lineage development. In addition, ginsenoside Rg1 increases IL-4 secreting CD4+ T cell under Th2 skewed condition, while decreases IFN-γ secreting cell in Th1 polarizing condition. Thus, Rg1 enhances Th2 lineage development from naive CD4+ T cell both by increasing Th2 specific cytokine secretion and by repressing Th1 specific cytokine production. Therefore, these results suggest that ginsenoside Rg1 might be desirable agent for enhancing CD4+ T cell's activity, as well as the correction of Th1 dominant pathological disorders.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.137-145
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to observe the effect on teeth and tibia bone histopathologically in rats by the richitogenic diet. For this purpose, 48 sprague-dewley rats, weighing 80g or more, divided into 6 groups, and sacrificed on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th weeks after experiments respectively. The tissues contain tooth, and tibial bone were fixed in 10% normal formalin solution, decalcified in Plank-Rychlo solution, embedded in paraffin, sectioned in $6-8{\mu}$ as usual manner, the tissues were stained in hematoxylin eosin, and examined hisopathologically. Follow results were attained 1. Pyknotic appearance of odontoblastic layer was noticed on the 1st week, and increased on the 2nd weeks, and it is appeared that degeneration and dearrangements of odontoblasts on the 4 weeks. But a little recovered on the 6th weeks. 2. The thickness of predentin layer was increased on the 2nd weeks, and increased remarkedly on the 3rd weeks and reached the maximum on the 5th weeks. 3. The interglobular dentin was appeared in spotty shape on the 2nd weeks, and increased on the 4th, 5th, weeks, and large amount of inter-globular dentin was appearanced on the 6th weeks. 4. It is appeared that enamel hypoplasia on the 4th weeks. 5. Epiphyseal and metaphyseal plate of tibia was increased from/on the 2nd weeks, increased maximumly on the 5th weeks. And pyknotic, dearrangements, and hyperchromatic appearances of chondrocytes on the plate were increased on the 1st week.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2010

This study was carried out to examine the tendency about the relative importance of STS education of the 6th and 7th primary science curriculum. The results of the research are as follows. Primary science textbooks in the 6th curriculum, average 13.3% of the total pages was assigned to STS contents but it is increased to 24.2% in the science textbooks of the 7th curriculum. STS constituents of the 6th primary science textbooks come out orderly applications of scientific knowledge(47.1%), relevance of a community(40%), social problems and issues(11.8%). Of the 7th science textbooks, the contents about applications of scientific knowledge amount to 67.1% of the total STS constituent and relevance of a community(32.2%) rank behind it. The contents of other components are not enough. The 6th science textbooks contents about the effect of technological development amount to 35.3% of the total STS subject area, and environmental quality(20.0%), natural resource(15.2%), energy(11.8%), sociology of science(11.8%) ranks behind it. In the 7th science textbooks ranking is the effect of technological development(42.3%), natural resource(17.3%), energy(12.5%), sociology of science(12.5%), environmental quality(20.0%). There are few contents about population, human engineering and space research and national defense in the science textbooks.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.1021-1028
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• 2012

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) discriminate microbial pathogens and induce T-cell responses of appropriate effector phenotype accordingly. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), in part, mediate this microbial recognition and differentiation while the development of T-cell effector functions critically depends on the release of Th1- or Th2- type cytokines. In the present study, buffalo PBMCs were stimulated under in vitro culture conditions by Bacillus subtilis cell wall petidoglycan, a TLR2 ligand, in a dose- and time- dependent manner. The expression of TLR2 as well as the subsequent differential induction of the Th1 and Th2 type cytokines was measured. Stimulation was analyzed across five doses of peptidoglycan ($10{\mu}g/ml$, $20{\mu}g/ml$, $30{\mu}g/ml$, $40{\mu}g/ml$ and $50{\mu}g/ml$) for 3 h, 12 h, 24 h and 36 h incubation periods. We observed the induction of TLR2 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner and the peptidoglycan induced tolerance beyond $30{\mu}g/ml$ dose at all incubation periods. The correlation between peptidoglycan stimulation and TLR2 induction was found positive at all doses and for all incubation periods. Increased production of all the cytokines was observed at low doses for 3 h incubation, but the expression of IL-4 was relatively higher than IL-12 at the higher antigen doses, indicating tailoring towards Th2 response. At 12 h incubation, there was a pronounced decrease in IL-4 and IL-10 expression relative to IL-12 in a dose- dependent manner, indicating skewing to Th1 polarization. The expression of IL-12 was highest for all doses across all the incubation intervals at 24 h incubation, indicating Th1 polarization. The relative expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IFN-${\gamma}$ was also higher while that of IL-4 and IL-10 showed a decrease. For 36 h incubation, at low doses, relative increase in the expression of IL-4 and IL-10 was observed which decreased at higher doses, as did the expression of all other cytokines. The exhaustion of cytokine production at 36 h indicated that PBMCs became refractory to further stimulation. It can be concluded from this study that the cytokine response to sPGN initially was of Th2 type which skews, more pronouncedly, to Th1 type with time till the cells become refractory to further stimulation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1998.05a
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• pp.46-51
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• 1998

토륨핵연료를 이용한 플루토늄 소모에 대한 연구를 목적으로 조직된 IAEA CRP(Coordinated Research Program) 업무의 일환으로, 농축우라늄 및 플루토늄을 seed로한 토륨핵연료를 국내의 900MWe 가압경수로에 이용하였을 경우에 플루토늄을 비롯한 heavy isotope의 원소량 변화, 사용 후 핵연료로부터의 방사능 준위, 노심의 반응도 특성을 분석하여 혼합핵연료 노심과 비교하였다. (Th+Pu)O$_2$,는 혼합핵연료 보다 플루토늄의 소모량이 약 2.4배 많으며, fissile 플루토늄 원소의 존재비율은 10% 정도 더 감소하는 것으로 나타나 플루토늄 소모의 특성이 유리하고 핵비확산 성격이 강한 것으로 나타났다 사용후 핵연료의 방사능은, 핵연료가 노심에서 바로 인출된 시점에서 는 (Th+Pu)O$_2$,가 가장 낮으나, 그 이후로는 (Th+Pu)O$_2$와 혼합핵연료의 방사능은 비슷한 반면, (Th+U)O$_2$,의 방사능이 가장 낮은 것으로 나타나 장기적으로는 (Th+U)O$_2$가 가장 유리하다. 대략적인 전환비는 (Th+Pu)O$_2$노심이 약 0.56, (Th+U)O$_2$ 노심은 약 0.63, 혼합핵연료 노심은 약 0.61 정도로 추정되었다. 토륨핵연료의 연소도에 따른 반응도 변화, 가돌리니아봉의 중성자 횹수 성질 및 반응도 특성 등 노심특성은 seed 물질의 특성과 함량에 따라 좌우되는 것으로 나타났다.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.138-153
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• 1996

Intending to offer basic information for a prospective health services in Korea, this study is to investigate the complication caused by sterilization in goverment family planning program from 1962 to 1995. The results are as follows: 1. Total number of sterilization performed during the period from 1962 to 1995 were 1.367,772 cases of male sterilization and 2,889,635 cases of female sterilization. 2. Incidence of the complication caused by sterilization operation from 1980 to 1995 were 1,883(0.20%) out of 925,801 cases in vasectomies and 15,866(0.70%) out of 2,256,020 cases in tubal sterilizations. 3. Major complications in vasectomy were epididymities of 658 cases (34.9%), vas recanalization of 326 cases(17.3%), hematoma of 266 cases(14.1%), scrotal abscess of 184 cases(9.8%), sperm granuloma of 76 cases(4.0%),and other of 373 cases(19.8%). On the other hand, in tubal sterilization, ectopic pregnancy was the most significant complication of 15,078 cases (95.0%) among 15,866 total complications, followed by pelvic inflammatory diseases of 155 cases(0.9%), peritonities of 96 cases(0.6%), ovarian & tubal bleeding of 31 cases(0.2%), intestinal perforation of 16 cases (0.1%), uterine bleeding of 14 cases(0.1%), uterine cervix laceration of 1 case (0.1%), and other of 271 cases(1.7%), while 161 pregnancies(0.1%) were terminated and 43 cases(0.3%) with normal delivery. 4. The occurrence rate of the complication for each period showed that most of the complication cases by vasectomy occurred in a year after the operation -the cases were 1,256 (66.7%). 254 cases(13.5%) occurred between the next year and the 2nd year, 138 cases (7.3%) between the 2nd year and the 3rd year, 73 cases(3.9%) between the 3rd year and the 4th year, 52 cases(2.8%) between the 4th year and the 5th year, 31 cases(1.6%) between the 5th year and the 6th year, 79 cases(4.2%) over the 6th year. Tubal sterilization indicated that the occurred complication cases in a year were 2,175 cases(13.7%), 2,113 cases(13.3%) occurred between the next year and the 2nd year, 2,082 cases(13.1%) between the 2nd year and the 3rd year, 2,049 cases (12. 9%) between the 3rd year and the 4th year, 1,819 cases(11.5%) between the 4th year and the 5th year, 621 cases(10.2%) between the 5th year and the 6th year, 4,007 cases(25.3%) over the 6th year. 5. For the cost of complication treatment, total \7,928,229,000 were paid as medical expenditure in which \609,438,000 for vasectomy and \7,318,791,000 for tubal sterilization. Accordingly per capita expenses were \345,000 for vasectomy and \467,000 for tubal sterilization. As the proportion of government sterilization program was decreased after 1988, that of private sterilization program would be increased. So it is recommended to set a guideline for the private sterilization program and to continue government sterilization program for the lower class.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.156-166
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• 2023

Objective: In this study, we investigated the effects of Rubus coreanus-derived lactic acid bacteria (LAB) fermented feed (RC-LAB fermented feed) and three types of LAB (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium animalis) on the expression of transcription factors and cytokines in Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells in the intestinal lymph nodes and spleens of rats. In addition, the effect on intestinal microbiota composition and body weight was investigated. Methods: Five-week-old male rats were assigned to five treatments and eight replicates. The expression of transcription factors and cytokines of Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells in the intestinal lymph nodes and spleens was analyzed using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays. Intestinal tract microbiota compositions were analyzed by next-generation sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. Results: RC-LAB fermented feed and three types of LAB increased the expression of transcription factors and cytokines in Th1, Treg cells and Galectin-9, but decreased in Th2 and Th17 cells. In addition, the intestinal microbiota composition changed, the body weight and Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio decreased, and the relative abundance of LAB increased. Conclusion: LAB fermented feed and three types of LAB showed an immune modulation effect by inducing T cell polarization and increased LAB in the intestinal microbiota.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.37-51
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• 2001

The clinical study was carried out the 43 patients with Depression who were treated in Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dae Jeon University from 22 February 2000 to 14 November 2001. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The ratio of male and female was 10:33, 60's(32.6%) was frequent, no inducing factor(38.3%) was seen in a lot of cases and many patients came to our hospital by way of west-neuropsychiatry(56.8%). 2. The period of clinical history was frequent from 3 to 10 years(23.2%), the most frequent preceding disease was cardiovascular systemic disease(18.4%). 3. The main clinical symptoms were apprehension alpitation(13.4%), anorexia(9.8%), headache nuchal region stiffness(9.8%), general body weakness(6.5%), chest discomfort(6.5%), dizziness(5.7%), febris(5.3%) and constipation(5.3%). 4. The patient's tongue aspect had pink tongue and empty fur(32.6%) and pulse type had thin and deficient pulse(39.5%). The prescription drugs were Chunggansoyo-san(30.0%), purging liver and alleviating depression to regulate qi, and Guibiondam-tang(15.8%) eliminating phlegm, cooling pericardium and warming gallbladder. 5. The curve was within normal range at Psychoneural system(81.4%), and Visceral system(90.1%). 6. The regulation was Normal(48.1%), RL(27.9%), RR(20.2%) at Psychoneural system and Normal(45.9%), RL(28.5%), RR(20.3%) at Visceral system. 7. Activity and Reactivity had much lower response at 1th, 2th, 3th, 4th, 7th SANGHAN, Polalization had much higher response at 1th, 4th, SANGHAN and much lower response at 2th, 3th, 7th SANGHAN.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.123-126
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• 1981

190 cases of the thoracic injuries experienced at the department of chest surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, for 5 years from Jan. 1976 till Dec 1980, were analysed. The results are as follows; 1. The incidence rate of male to female was 5.1:1. The common age groups were 3rd, 4th and 5th decades, and the most common age group in the penetrating injury was 3rd decade. 2. The most common mode of the nonpenetrating injuries was a traffic accident [63.0%], and the most commonly used tool in the penetrating injuries is a knife [66.7%]. 3. The most common nonpenetrating injury was rib fracture [73.9%], and the common fracture sites were 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th ribs [especially, 7th rib]. The incidence rate of flail chest was 15% of the cases of the rib fractures. 4. The common associated injuries of the nonpenetrating were long bone fracture [18.3%], brain contusion [15.9%], and clavicle fracture etc.. 5. The common method of surgical treatment were closed thoracostomy [46.7%], thoracentesis, and open thoracotomy [7.4%] etc.. 6. The overall mortality was 2.8%. [Nonpenetrating; 0.8%, Penetrating; 6.3%]

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.177-186
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• 1990

To investigate the etiology, pathogenicity and virological properties of NYJ-1-87 strain of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) that was isolated from the diseased piglet in Korea, the virus at $10^{6.0}TCID_{50}/0.1ml$ was inoculated intranasally and subcutaneously into 30 to 35 days-old piglets. Results obtained through the experiments were summarized as follows. 1. Ten of the infected piglets were clinically observed for 15 days. On the 2nd day post-inoculation(pi), the signs of pyrexia, anorexia and convulsion were noted. On the 4th to 7th days pi, nervous signs of incoordination and intermittent spasm were shown in the most of piglets, and one out of 5 piglets infected intranasally was died with severe nervous signs at the 7th day pi. The signs became relieved on the 8th day pi and all of remainder were completely recovered on the 13th to 14th days pi. 2. In hematological study, prominent decrease in the number of total leukocyte and lymphocyte was shown in the ADV-infected piglets on the 6th day pi. On the 8th day pi, the cell numbers were slightly increased and returned to normal level on the 10th day pi. 3. Viral excretion of the ADV-inoculated piglets was examined by swabbing of nasal and oral cavities, and rectal feces. During the periods of the 3rd to 11th days pi, the virus was excreted intermittently from nasal and oral cavities, and rectal feces. The nasal excretions were shown the highest virus concentration of $10^{5.2}TCID_{50}/0.1ml$ at the 5th day pi. 4. Recovery of the inoculated virus from various organs of the piglets that were died or experimentally slaughtered was attempted, and the virus was isolated from the tissues of brain and tonsil by the cultured cell-inoculation method. The highest recovery rate was noted in the tonsil. By indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay using ADV-monoclonal antibody, the viral antigens were detected in tissues of spleen and liver as well as brain and tonsil on the 7th to 9th days pi. The virus was not isolated from blood and the tissues of lung and kidney throughout the experiments. 5. Titers of virus neutralizing antibody in the piglets experimentally infected with ADV became increased after the 6th to 9th days pi in both of intranasal and subcutaneous inoculation showing the highest titers of 64 to 128 on the 29th day pi. When the antibody levels were measured by radial immunodiffusion enzyme assay, the reactive diameter was enlarged to be positive after the 4th to 6th days pi in both of intranasal and subcutaneous inoculation showing the largest diameter of 13 to 14mm on the 29th day pi.