• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.577-584
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of pre-rigor salting level (0-4% NaCl concentration) on physicochemical and textural properties of pre-rigor chicken breast muscles. The pre-rigor chicken breast muscles were de-boned 10 min post-mortem and salted within 25 min post-mortem. An increase in pre-rigor salting level led to the formation of high ultimate pH of chicken breast muscles at post-mortem 24 h. The addition of minimum of 2% NaCl significantly improved water holding capacity, cooking loss, protein solubility, and hardness when compared to the non-salting chicken breast muscle (p<0.05). On the other hand, the increase in pre-rigor salting level caused the inhibition of myofibrillar protein degradation and the acceleration of lipid oxidation. However, the difference in NaCl concentration between 3% and 4% had no great differences in the results of physicochemical and textural properties due to pre-rigor salting effects (p>0.05). Therefore, our study certified the pre-rigor salting effect of chicken breast muscle salted with 2% NaCl when compared to post-rigor muscle salted with equal NaCl concentration, and suggests that the 2% NaCl concentration is minimally required to ensure the definite pre-rigor salting effect on chicken breast muscle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.261-265
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• 2003

This study was performed to determine whether transglutaminase (Aciva-TG, TGase) can be used to reduce the salt level in low-fat sausages and to replace emulsified meats (10%) for the manufacture of restructured meat products (RMP). Pork hams and loins were collected from a local retail market in Gwangju, Korea and used for the manufacture of sausages and RMPs, respectively. TGase at the level of 0.1% can permit the reduction of the salt level from 1.5% to 1.0% in low-fat comminuted sausages without any quality defects, however a crumbly texture was found if the salt level was reduced below 1.0% even though it combined with certain amounts of TGase. No differences in chemical composition and physical properties were observed (p>0.05) among treatments. Approximately 0.3% of TGase can replace 10% emulsified meats, which are normally used for improvement of binding capacity to manufacture RMPs, without quality defects. This study suggests that TGase could be used for the manufacture of low-fat, low-salt functional meat products for the improvement of textural characteristics and binding capacity without adverse effects.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.150-159
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• 2009

The purpose of this research was to improve the quality of Sulgidduk by additions of green tea or rosemary powder to enhance its functional properties and antimicrobial effects. The green tea or rosemary powders were added to the Sulgidduk at different levels (1 or 3%), and color values, textural characteristics, sensory qualities, pH values, and acetic acid values were evaluated. With higher amounts of green tea or rosemary powder, the L-values of samples decreased and a-and b-values increased. Texture profile analyses indicated that hardness was significantly different among all the samples. The sensory evaluation results showed that the 1% addition of green tea or rosemary powder did not cause significant differences in overall acceptability, flavor, or taste. During storage, pH values decreased in all groups and the control group showed the lowest value. Acetic acid values increased during storage and the control group showed the highest value in the last stage of storage. Finally, the L- and a-values of samples did not change significantly during storage.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.315-322
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• 1987

Attempts were made to unravel the differences in the textural properties between a dry type, Wonki and a moist type, Chunmi sweet potato. The changes in the ingredients, cellular shapes, degree of gelatinization and hardness of sweet potatoes during baking were studied. Alcohol insoluble solid, starch and protopectin contents and activities of amylase and polygalacturonase of Wonki sweet potato were higher than those of Chunmi sweet potato. The cell sizes were smaller and the number of starch granules within the cells were higher in Wonki than in Chunmi. Gelatinization occurred in Wonki more lately than in Chunmi during baking. The difference in hardness after baking between Wonki and Chunmi was found distinctively. But both samples were gelatinized completely, the difference in hardness was not found.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.307-312
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• 2010

Sugar snap cookies were prepared with the addition of carrot powder (2~12%) as a source of dietary fiber. Analyses of physiochemical properties, rheology and sensory evaluation of the cookies were conducted. Increasing carrot powder content weakened the flour, as evidenced by decreased diameter and increased thickness, which resulted in decreased spread factor. The water content of the carrot powder-amended cookies and unamended flour was not significantly different. The pH and L values progressively decreased and a and b values progressively increased with increasing addition of carrot powder. Textural analysis revealed no significant differences in brittleness with carrot powder addition, even though brittleness did decrease with the addition of more carrot powder. Sensory evaluation revealed a preference for cookies prepared with 2~4% carrot powder, with decreased preference at powder concentrations exceeding 6%. Addition of a dried vegetable with high fiber content caused the dietary fiber to absorb much water content, resulting in decreased diameter, increased thickness and decreased spread factor. Therefore, it is deemed desirable to increase the spread factor by controlling the water content and adding emulsifiers so as to enhance the functionality and maintain the quality of cookies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.793-800
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• 2019

This study was performed to examine the physicochemical and antioxidative properties of the sponge cakes with different contents (0, 2, 4, 6, 8%, w/w) of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) powder (LBP). An increase in LBP content in the cake led to a significant increase in the baking loss rate, specific volume, DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, total phenol contents and total flavonoid contents of the cakes (p<0.05). As the LBP content increased, significant decreases were shown in the specific gravity of batter, sugar contents, pH, lightness, redness and yellowness of the cakes (p<0.05). Ash contents, uniformity index and other textural properties of hardness, springness, cohesiveness, and brittleness did not show any significant differences between the sample groups (p>0.05). These results suggest that LBP can be applied to sponge cakes to achieve positive textural properties such as uniform pore formation and increased volume with increased antioxidant properties.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.379-384
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• 1983

Textural changes of glutinous rice cakes during storage at $4^{\circ}C$ were evaluated by ${\beta}$-amylase digestibility and hardness. Some physical properties of starch including X-ray diffraction, swelling power, water holding capacity and gelatinization temperature were investigated. Changes in hardness were inversely related to the enzyme digestibility. The initial hardness for Tongil glutinous rice cake is much higher than that for Traditional one. Both parameters were changed rapidly during one and two days of storage for Tongil and Traditional glutinous rice cakes, respectively. These results implied that the differences in the strach structure might have significant influences on the texture of rice cakes. Sensory evalution revealed that hardness of the rice cakes was highly significant to the storage time and rice variety.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2009

This study was performed to develop low-fat/reduced-salt sausages (LFRSS; <3% fat and <1.5% salt) containing milk protein (whey protein concentrate, WPC, or sodium caseinate, SC) that showed the similar cooking yield and textural characteristics to those of regular-fat/salt sausage control (RFC; 20% fat and 1.5% salt) or low-fat sausage control (LFC; <3% fat and 1.5% salt). Low-fat sausages (LFS) were formulated with a 2.5% fat replacer (konjac flour:carrageenan:soy protein isolate=1:1:3) and various salt levels (0.75, 1.0, 1.25, and 1.5%). LFS had differences in color and expressible moisture (EM, %) values as compared to those of RFC. A minimum salt level of 1% and addition of nonmeat proteins were required to manufacture LFRSS that have similar characteristics to those of RFC. However, LFS with 2% milk proteins reduced the hardness and gumminess as compared to LFC. These results indicated that 1% milk protein in combined with 1% salt was a proper level for manufacturing of LFRSS.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.451-456
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• 2010

This study was conducted to evaluate the quality characteristics (proximate composition, fatty acids, amino acids, sensory and textural properties) of whole body and dorsal muscle of olive flounders fed extruded pellets (EP) compared to raw fish-based moist pellets (MP). The olive flounders in this study were reared from 300 g to 1000 g for 7 months by feeding either EP or MP. The fatty acids and total amino acids of the whole body and dorsal muscle of the fish were similar among both groups. The major fatty acids in whole body and dorsal muscle werepalmitic acid and oleic acid. Finally, no significant differences were observed between groups for sensory and textural properties of the muscle. These results suggest that EP could be developed to replace MP without adverse effects on olive flounder quality.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.211-219
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• 2014

To confirm the food quality and storage stability of commercial Korean kamaboko, we experimented with the composition and textural properties using various surimis and kamaboko products. We also investigated changes in protein digestibility and lipid oxidation of vacuum packed products under chilled storage at $4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. Among the fish meatbased surimi, vegetable mixed surimi had the lowest protein content (23.73 %), as compared to other surimi (51.9-73.6%). Siginificant (P<0.05) differences in protein, lipid content and degree of fat oxidation were noted between the fried kamaboko products of three companies. Adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and resilience were similar in all samples, but there were notable differences in hardness and fractuability between samples. In vitro protein digestibility and trypsin indigestible substrate (TIS) were not inversely proportional in fried kamaboko products. The protein digestibility (80.30%) of steamed vegetable mixed fried kamaboko was lower than that of other fried samples (84.9-86.2%). Computed protein efficiency ratio (C-PER) of companies A and C's fried kamaboko was 2.6 but company B's was 1.9. There was no noticeable change in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) or protein digestibility for any of the vacuum packed fried kamaboko during 30 days of chilled storage.