• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.37-47
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• 2013

Text Mining is a research area of retrieving high quality hidden information such as patterns, trends, or distributions through analyzing unformatted text. Basically, since text mining assumes an unstructured text, it needs to be represented as a simple text model for analyzing it. So far, most frequently used model is VSM(Vector Space Model), in which a text is represented as a bag of words. However, recently much researches tried to apply a graph-based text model for representing semantic relationships between words. In this paper, we survey research trends of graph-based text representation models for text mining. Additionally, we also discuss about future models of graph-based text mining.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.2390-2406
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• 2022

Scene text recognition has important application value and attracted the interest of plenty of researchers. At present, many methods have achieved good results, but most of the existing approaches attempt to improve the performance of scene text recognition from the image level. They have a good effect on reading regular scene texts. However, there are still many obstacles to recognizing text on low-quality images such as curved, occlusion, and blur. This exacerbates the difficulty of feature extraction because the image quality is uneven. In addition, the results of model testing are highly dependent on training data, so there is still room for improvement in scene text recognition methods. In this work, we present a natural scene text recognizer to improve the recognition performance from the feature level, which contains feature representation and feature enhancement. In terms of feature representation, we propose an efficient feature extractor combined with Representative Batch Normalization and ResNet. It reduces the dependence of the model on training data and improves the feature representation ability of different instances. In terms of feature enhancement, we use a feature enhancement network to expand the receptive field of feature maps, so that feature maps contain rich feature information. Enhanced feature representation capability helps to improve the recognition performance of the model. We conducted experiments on 7 benchmarks, which shows that this method is highly competitive in recognizing both regular and irregular texts. The method achieved top1 recognition accuracy on four benchmarks of IC03, IC13, IC15, and SVTP.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.107-123
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• 2014

Current text mining techniques suffer from the problem that the conventional text representation models cannot express the semantic or conceptual information for the textual documents written with natural languages. The conventional text models represent the textual documents as bag of words, which include vector space model, Boolean model, statistical model, and tensor space model. These models express documents only with the term literals for indexing and the frequency-based weights for their corresponding terms; that is, they ignore semantical information, sequential order information, and structural information of terms. Most of the text mining techniques have been developed assuming that the given documents are represented as 'bag-of-words' based text models. However, currently, confronting the big data era, a new paradigm of text representation model is required which can analyse huge amounts of textual documents more precisely. Our text model regards the 'concept' as an independent space equated with the 'term' and 'document' spaces used in the vector space model, and it expresses the relatedness among the three spaces. To develop the concept space, we use Wikipedia data, each of which defines a single concept. Consequently, a document collection is represented as a 3-order tensor with semantic information, and then the proposed model is called text cuboid model in our paper. Through experiments using the popular 20NewsGroup document corpus, we prove the superiority of the proposed text model in terms of document clustering and concept clustering.

• MALSORI
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• no.53
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• pp.75-92
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• 2005

Prosody Generation Based on C-ToBI Representation for Text-to-SpeechSeungwon Kim, Yu Zheng, Gary Geunbae Lee, Byeongchang KimProsody modeling is critical in developing text-to-speech (TTS) systems where speech synthesis is used to automatically generate natural speech. In this paper, we present a prosody generation architecture based on Chinese Tone and Break Index (C-ToBI) representation. ToBI is a multi-tier representation system based on linguistic knowledge to transcribe events in an utterance. The TTS system which adopts ToBI as an intermediate representation is known to exhibit higher flexibility, modularity and domain/task portability compared with the direct prosody generation TTS systems. However, the cost of corpus preparation is very expensive for practical-level performance because the ToBI labeled corpus has been manually constructed by many prosody experts and normally requires a large amount of data for accurate statistical prosody modeling. This paper proposes a new method which transcribes the C-ToBI labels automatically in Chinese speech. We model Chinese prosody generation as a classification problem and apply conditional Maximum Entropy (ME) classification to this problem. We empirically verify the usefulness of various natural language and phonology features to make well-integrated features for ME framework.

• KIISE Transactions on Computing Practices
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.596-603
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• 2015

A concept network is an essential knowledge base for semantic search engines, personalized search systems, recommendation systems, and text mining. Recently, studies of extending concept representation using external ontology have been frequently conducted. We thus propose a new way of building 3-dimensional text model-based concept networks using the world knowledge-level Wikipedia ontology. In fact, it is desirable that 'concepts' derived from text documents are defined according to the theoretical framework of formal concept analysis, since relationships among concepts generally change over time. In this paper, concept networks hidden in a given document collection are extracted more reasonably by representing a concept as a term-by-document matrix.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.863-875
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• 2017

The traditional text similarity measurement methods based on word frequency vector ignore the semantic relationships between words, which has become the obstacle to text similarity calculation, together with the high-dimensionality and sparsity of document vector. To address the problems, the improved singular value decomposition is used to reduce dimensionality and remove noises of the text representation model. The optimal number of singular values is analyzed and the semantic relevance between words can be calculated in constructed semantic space. An inverted index construction algorithm and the similarity definitions between vectors are proposed to calculate the similarity between two documents on the semantic level. The experimental results on benchmark corpus demonstrate that the proposed method promotes the evaluation metrics of F-measure.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.794-804
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• 2022

Transformer models have had a great impact on natural language processing (NLP) in recent years by realizing outstanding and efficient contextualized language models. Recent studies have used transformer-based language models for various NLP tasks, including Persian named entity recognition (NER). However, in complex tasks, for example, NER, it is difficult to determine which contextualized embedding will produce the best representation for the tasks. Considering the lack of comparative studies to investigate the use of different contextualized pretrained models with sequence modeling classifiers, we conducted a comparative study about using different classifiers and embedding models. In this paper, we use different transformer-based language models tuned with different classifiers, and we evaluate these models on the Persian NER task. We perform a comparative analysis to assess the impact of text representation and text classification methods on Persian NER performance. We train and evaluate the models on three different Persian NER datasets, that is, MoNa, Peyma, and Arman. Experimental results demonstrate that XLM-R with a linear layer and conditional random field (CRF) layer exhibited the best performance. This model achieved phrase-based F-measures of 70.04, 86.37, and 79.25 and word-based F scores of 78, 84.02, and 89.73 on the MoNa, Peyma, and Arman datasets, respectively. These results represent state-of-the-art performance on the Persian NER task.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.2407-2424
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• 2022

Recently, Transformer has made great progress in video retrieval tasks due to its high representation capability. For the structure of a Transformer, the cascaded self-attention modules are capable of capturing long-distance feature dependencies. However, the local feature details are likely to have deteriorated. In addition, increasing the depth of the structure is likely to produce learning bias in the learned features. In this paper, an improved Transformer structure named TransDCS (Transformer with Dynamic Convolution and Shortcut) is proposed. A Multi-head Conv-Self-Attention module is introduced to model the local dependencies and improve the efficiency of local features extraction. Meanwhile, the augmented shortcuts module based on a dual identity matrix is applied to enhance the conduction of input features, and mitigate the learning bias. The proposed model is tested on MSRVTT, LSMDC and Activity-Net benchmarks, and it surpasses all previous solutions for the video-text retrieval task. For example, on the LSMDC benchmark, a gain of about 2.3% MdR and 6.1% MnR is obtained over recently proposed multimodal-based methods.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.405-414
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• 2007

This paper describes a preliminary work on prosody modeling aspect of a text-to-speech system for Thai. Specifically, the model is designed to predict symbolic markers from text (i.e., prosodic phrase boundaries, accent, and intonation boundaries), and then using these markers to generate pitch, intensity, and durational patterns for the synthesis module of the system. In this paper, a novel method for annotating the prosodic structure of Thai sentences based on dependency representation of syntax is presented. The goal of the annotation process is to predict from text the rhythm of the input sentence when spoken according to its intended meaning. The encoding of the prosodic structure is established by minimizing speech disrhythmy while maintaining the congruency with syntax. That is, each word in the sentence is assigned a prosodic feature called strength dynamic which is based on the dependency representation of syntax. The strength dynamics assigned are then used to obtain rhythmic groupings in terms of a phonological unit called foot. Finally, the foot structure is used to predict the durational pattern of the input sentence. The aforementioned process has been tested on a set of ambiguous sentences, which represents various structural ambiguities involving five types of compounds in Thai.

• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.393-402
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to develop mechanisms of nD model-based design by the combination of 2D drawing standards and 3D building models from the current 2D and text-based design. The aim of this study can be archived by defining the 2D model extension definitions for the IFC model development and harmonizing existing 2D standards. The paper examines 1) 3D Representation of Building Element and Building Services element, and 2D Model extension of IFC2X.2, 2) Basic development of additional 2D element that should be added to IFC model, and 3) mapping method between current 2D standard and IFC2.X2. Following this approach, the interoperability problem between 3D model and 2D drawing can be solved and finally an extended data model could be developed.