• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.189-200
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• 2016

본 연구는 제주지역의 요양병원과 요양원 영양사의 직무중요도와 직무수행도 및 직무만족도를 조사 분석함으로써 장기요양 보호를 필요로 하는 노인을 대상으로 하는 시설의 영양사 업무의 문제점을 파악하고 노인급식 및 영양 관리의 질적 향상방안을 모색하는데 기여하고자 하였다. 조사대상 영양사의 성별은 여자가 94.7%로 대부분을 차지하였고 연령별로는 만40~49세 (36.8%)가 가장 많았으며 기혼 (68.4%)이 미혼 (31.6%)보다 높은 비율을 보였고 근무경력은 8년 이상 (34.2%)이 가장 많았고 현재 근무하는 요양 (병)원 근무기간은 1년 미만 (28.9%), 1~3년 미만 (21.1%)과 3~5년 미만 (21.1%), 5~8년 미만 (18.4%), 8년 이상 (10.5%) 순으로 나타났으며 학력은 4년제 대학 졸업이 65.8%를 차지하였고, 근무시설은 요양원이 84.2%, 근무지역은 제주시가 71.1%를 차지하였고 급여는 150~200만원 미만이 65.8%로 나타났다. 조사대상 요양 (병)원은 50~100 병상 미만인 시설 (78.9%)이 가장 많았고, 환자 수에 있어서는 50~100명 미만이 84.2%로 대부분을 차지하였으며, 1식 단가는 1,501~2,000원이 50.0%로 나타났고 영양사수에 있어서는 1명만 근무한다고 응답한 시설이 94.7%로 대부분을 차지하였으며, 조리종사원수는 3~5명 미만이 76.3%로 나타났다. 조사대상 영양사의 직무중요도는 5점 만점에 대해 평균 4.29점으로 나타났고 위생 및 안전관리 (4.77점), 조리작업 관리 (4.44점), 회계관리 (4.30점), 구매관리 (4.29점), 인사관리 (4.19점), 메뉴관리 (4.18점), 영양관리 (3.86점)의 순으로 나타났다. 각 영역별 세부 항목의 직무중요도에 있어서는 평균 점수 이상으로 중요도가 높게 나타난 업무는 구매관리 영역의 식품검수 (4.84점), 급식재료의 발주 및 수불 관리 (4.68점), 재고조사 및 저장식품 관리 (4.66점), 메뉴관리 영역의 일반식단 작성 (4.68점), 위생 및 안전관리 영역의 식재료 위생관리 (4.87점), 급식시설설비 위생관리 (4.84점), 조리원 위생관리 (4.76점), 조리장내 위생관리 (4.76점), 개인위생관리 (4.76점), 위생 및 안전관리일지 작성 (4.63점), 조리작업관리 영역의 조리지도 및 감독 (4.61점), 배식지도 및 감독 (4.50점), 작업일정계획 및 업무분담(4.42점), 인사관리 영역의 조회 및 업무회의를 통한 의사 소통 (4.61점), 회계관리 영역의 예산관리 (4.32점), 결산관리 (4.29점), 원가관리 (4.29점)였다. 반면, 조사대상의 직무중요도 점수가 낮게 나온 업무는 영양관리 영역의 직원 대상 영양교육 (3.61점), 인사관리 영역의 자원봉사자 모집배치와 급식서비스 교육관리 (3.63점), 메뉴관리 영역의 기호도 및 만족도 조사 (3.89점), 치료식 메뉴 개발 (4.00점)의 순으로 나타났다. 조사대상 영양사의 직무수행도는 5점 만점에 대해 평균 2.87점으로 나타나 직무중요도에 비해 매우 낮은 점수를 보였고, 업무 영역별로 살펴보면 조리작업관리 (4.42점), 위생 및 안전관리 (4.21점), 구매관리 (3.32점), 메뉴관리 (2.53점), 인사관리 (2.45점), 영양관리 (1.67점), 회계관리 (1.52점)의 순으로 나타났다. 영역별 세부 항목에 대한 직무 수행도를 분석한 결과 조리작업관리 영역의 조리지도 및 감독 (4.92점), 배식지도 및 감독 (4.79점), 위생 및 안전관리 영역의 위생 및 안전관리 일지작성 (4.71점), 식재료 위생관리 (4.66점), 구매관리 영역의 식품검수 (4.63점)의 순으로 수행도가 높게 나타났다. 한편 조사대상의 직무수행도가 낮게 나타난 업무는 영양관리 영역의 직원 대상 영양교육 (1.13), 치료식 대상 집단 영양교육 (1.24), 회계관리 영역의 결산관리 (1.32), 영양관리 영역의 영양 자료게시 및 노인영양교육 자료개발 (1.45)과 기호도 및 만족도 조사 (1.45) 순으로 나타났다. 조사대상 영양사의 직무중요도와 수행도를 영역별로 격자도 분석 (IPA)한 결과, 중요도와 수행도가 모두 높은 B사분면에는 위생 및 안전관리, 조리작업관리, 중요도와 수행도가 모두 낮은 C사분면에는 메뉴관리, 인사관리, 영양 관리가 속하였다. 구매관리와 회계관리 영역은 직무중요도는 평균 수준이었으나, 구매관리 수행도는 평균 이상으로 높았고 회계관리 수행도는 매우 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 영역내 세부 항목별로 격자도 분석 (IPA)한 결과 위생 및 안전관리 영역의 조리원 위생교육은 A사분면, 다른 항목들은 B사분면에 속하였고, C사분면에 속한 항목은 구매관리 영역의 시장조사하기, 급식통계작성 및 분석, 일반소모품의 청구 및 수급관리의 3항목, 메뉴관리 영역의 치료식식단 작성, 제공 식단의 영양분석, 치료식 메뉴개발, 일반식 메뉴개발, 표준레시피 관리, 기호도 및 만족도 조사의 6항목, 영양관리 영역의 모든 항목, 인사관리 영역의 리더십 관리, 급식업무 매뉴얼의 작성 및 비치, 조리종사원의 인사 관리, 자원봉사자 모집 배치와 급식서비스 교육관리의 4항목, 회계관리 영역의 결산관리, 원가관리의 2항목으로 나타났다. 구매관리 영역의 후원물품접수 및 관리 항목과 조리작업관리 영역의 잔식 및 쓰레기 감량관리 항목은 중요도가 낮고 수행도가 높은 D사분면에 속하였다. 조사대상 영양사의 직무만족도는 5점 만점에 대해 평균 3.37점으로 나타났고 동료에 대한 만족도가 3.72점으로 가장 높았으며, 직무자체 (3.63점), 의사소통 (3.43점), 근무환경 (3.40점), 상사의 감독 (3.34점), 평가와 보상 (3.15점), 전문성 신장 (2.95점)의 순으로 나타났다. 조사대상 영양사의 직무중요도와 직무만족도 (r = 0.395, p < 0.05), 직무수행도와 직무만족도 (r = 0.386, p < 0.05)는 유의적으로 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 이상의 연구 결과를 토대로 살펴볼 때, 조사대상자의 직무수행도 평균 점수가 직무중요도 점수에 비해 현저히 낮게 나타났고 위생 및 안전관리, 조리작업관리 등 급식 관련 업무에 비해 영양관리 영역의 중요도 및 수행도가 낮게 나타나 본 연구의 조사대상 시설이 만성 혹은 노인성 질환을 앓고 있는 고령자가 많다는 점을 고려하여 직무중요도와 수행도가 모두 낮은 영양관리 영역에 대한 인식 제고와 수행도 향상을 위한 방안이 모색되어야 할 것으로 사료된다. 또한, 조사대상의 직무만족도가 가장 낮게 나타난 전문성 신장과 관련하여 '섬'이라는 지역적 한계를 극복할 수 있도록 제주지역 내에서 다양한 전문 교육이 실시되어야 하며 영양사 스스로 전문가로서의 자질 향상을 위해 부단히 노력해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
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• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
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• pp.17-17
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• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.5-16
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• 2009

企业社会责任活动已被认为是提高企业形象和企业竞争力的一个潜在因素. 然而, 先前大部分关于企业社会责任活动的研究是主要针对的是这些活动如何影响影响对产品, 企业以及企业形象的评价的评价. 另外, 一些学者将消费者对企业动机的感知作为企业社会责任和消费者反应之间直接关系中的调解变量. 然而, 动机理论和相关的研究存在一些缺点. 对消费者, 企业社会责任活动只有两个动机, 但最近, Vlachos等人(2008) 认为这些动机应该细分. 因此, 它有可能从原有理论发展为修正理论模型(说服, 个人知识管理(PKM). Vlachos等人(2008) 将企业社会责任动机细分为四种类型, 并尝试发现这些动机在影响顾客种程度方面的作用以及不同. 以前的研究已经证明具有积极动机会对的社会责任活动会有积极的影响. 但并没有实证地解释其心理原因. 因此本研究的目的是双重的. 第一, 本研究试图发现顾客为什么会在他们感受到企业社会活动的积极动机的情况下表达他们的感激. 第二, 本研究试图测试当社会从企业社会责任活动中获得利益时与消费者的回报的效果. 以下是本研究的假设: H1: 企业社会责任活动的价值驱使的动机积极影响认知的对等对于互惠的期待. H2: 企业社会责任活动的参股者驱使的动机消极影响于互惠的期待认知的对等. H3: 企业社会责任活动的利己驱使的动机消极影响于互惠的期待认知的对等. H4: 企业社会责任活动的战略驱使的动机消极影响对于互惠的期待认知的对等. H5: 对企业社会责任活动的互惠的期待认知的对等积极影响消费者忠诚度. 我们选择了一个公司作为研究对象来理解企业社会责任活动的动机是如何影响消费者于互惠的期待认知的对等和顾客忠诚度. 总样本为100名受访者被选为试验测试. 此外, 为了获得一致的回复, 我们保证所有的受访者都超过20岁. 本调查中. 在排除了28份无效问卷以后, 总受访者是172名(82名男性, 90名女性). 基于截至标准, 数据和模型的适配度良好. 在观察结果以后, 企业社会责任活动的价值驱使的动机对于互惠的期待认知的对等有积极的影响(t=6.75, p<.001)，假设1被证明. Morales (2005) 也指出消费者的确感激企业对社会所做出的努力以及对社会所给予的利益. 而且企业社会责任活动的参股者驱使的动机对于互惠的期待认知的对等没有影响(t = ‐.049, p > .05). 因此, 假设2被拒绝. 我们可以用符合论来解释这个结果. 利己驱使动机(t = ‐3.11, p < .05)和战略驱使的动机(t = ‐4.65, p < .05) 对认知的对等有消极影响. 因此H3和H4被证明. 而且认知的对等积极影响消费者的忠诚度(t = 4.24, p < .05)，H5被证明. 从结果中看, 与大众群体相比，大学生更容易受利己驱动动机的影响. 以下是本研究的结论:首先, 数据分析结果显示价值驱使的动机积极影响于互惠的期待认知的对等. 但是参股者驱动的动机对互惠的期待认知的对等没有显著影响. 另外, 利己驱使的动机和战略驱使的动机消极影响互惠的期待认知的对等. 第二, 当企业社会责任活动与消费者的回报关联时, 社会责任活动积极影响顾客忠诚度. 本研究测试了动机的种类是否影响消费者对企业社会责任的反应, 尤其是企业社会责任如何能影响关键的内在因素(认知的对等) 和消费者行为的结果(顾客忠诚度). 而且, 本研究阐述了认知对等在企业社会责任动机和顾客忠诚度的关系中起到媒介的作用. 我们的研究扩展了有关消费者企业社会责任动机方面的研究, 将他们定位为消费者反应的一个直接指标. 另外一个贡献是, 我们成功地鉴定了认知的对等作为一个次级过程在归因于顾客忠诚度的企业社会责任的影响中的中介作用. 今后在研究企业社会责任的最终行为和财务影响时应该考虑源于互惠的期待认知对等的影响. 本研究的结果具有重要的管理意义. 第一, 本研究发现的对等的中心作用表明经理人应该经常考虑这些行为将创造出多少的互惠的期待认知对等. 第二, 理解消费者对企业社会责任的动机, 的认知是如何与互惠的期待认知对等和顾客忠诚度相关, 可以帮助经理人通过营销活动和管理企业社会责任‐感应归因过程来监控和提高这些消费者的结果. 本研究的结果将帮助企业去理解影响互惠的期待认知对等的四个不同的动机的相对重要性.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.413-420
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• 2005

목적: 수용체 결합능 정량화를 위해서는 방사성추적자의 동태를 충분히 관찰하기 위해서 보통 뇌 PET 영상을 60-120분 정도 얻어야 한다. 이처럼 장기간 PET 영상을 얻게 되는 경우 보통 피험자의 수의적/불수의적 움직임을 피할 수 없고 이러한 피험자의 머리 움직임은 재구성된 PET 영상의 공간해상도를 저하시키고 측정된 방사능 농도의 정확성을 떨어뜨리는 요인이 된다. 이 연구에서는 동적 영상 정보만을 이용하여 피험자의 머리 움직임을 보정할 수 있는 방법을 개발하고 이를 피험자의 움직임이 불가항력적인 뇌활성화 도파민 D2 수용체 영상에 적용하여 움직임 보정이 리간드 결합능 및 외부 자극에 의한 도파민 유리(release) 정량화에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 대상 및 방법: 4명의 정상인 자원자에서 비디오 게임에 의한 도파민 유리를 평가하기 위한 실험으로 순간+연속 주입법을 이용하여 얻은 $[^{11}C]raclopride$ PET 영상을 이용하였으며 실제로 도파민 유리를 계산하기 위해서 필요한 프레임들만을 선별해서 영상 정합 기법을 적용하였다. 즉, $[^{11}C]raclopride$을 투여한 후 선조체에서의 리간드의 특이적 결합이 항정상태(steady state)에 최초로 도달하는 과제 수행 전 (30-50 분) 영역과, 비디오 게임 과제에 의해 도파민이 유리된 후 다시 항정상태에 도달하는 70-90분, 비디오 게임을 멈춘 후 다시 항정상태에 도달하는 110-120 분 데이터에만 움직임 보정 기법을 적용하는 방식이다. 각 항정상태 구간은 보통 2-4개의 프레임으로 구성되므로 먼저 이들 프레임들간의 영상정합을 수행(intra-condition registration)하여 평균 영상을 만들고 이들 평균 영상들을 정합하여 최종적으로 움직임 보정(inter-condition registration)을 하였다. 게임 수행 전후의 도파민유리를 평가하기 위하여 머리 움직임 보정 전후의 게임 과제 수행 전후의 결합능 백분율 변화를 구하였으며 각 조건에 대한 결합능 파라미터 영상을 구하고 움직임 보정 전후의 결합능 영상의 화소별 차이를 SPM2를 이용한 t-test(쌍체 검정)로 알아보았다. 결과: 움직임 보정 전후의 영상을 비교하였을 때, 움직임 보정 전 영상에서, 게임 수행시 영상이 게임을 위한 스크린 위치에 따른 시야 변동으로 게임 수행전 영상에 비하여 앞쪽 아래로 기울어져 있음을 알 수 있었으며 이러한 경향은 대상 피험자 모두에서 관찰되었다. 보정 전 영상으로부터 측정된 비디오 게임에 의한 도파민 유리는 putamen에서 29%, caudate head에서 57%, ventral striatum에서 17% 였으나, 보정 후 영상으로부터 구한 도파민 유리는 이들 영역에서 각각 3.9%, 14,1%, 0.6%로 움직임 보정을 하지 않은 경우 선조체 모든 구소물에서 결합능 감소, 즉 게임에 의한 도파민 유리가 과대평가됨을 알 수 있다. SPM 분석결과에서도 움직임을 보정하지 않은 영상을 이용한 경우, 선조체 구조물에서의 결합능 감소와 움직임에 의한 영상강도 저하가 복합적으로 영향을 주어 결합능 차이가 매우 유의하게 평가되었으나 움직임 보정 후 영상을 이용하여 비교한 경우, 결합능 변화가 선조체 영역에서 국한되어 나타나며 그 유의성이 움직임 보정 전에 비하여 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 결론: 뇌활성화 과제 수행시에 동반되는 피험자의 머리 움직임에 의하여 도파민 유리가 과대평가되었으며 이는 이 연구에서 제안한 영상정합을 이용한 움직임 보정기법에 의해서 개선되었다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.80-88
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• 2020

2019년 3월 미세먼지 비상저감조치가 일주일 동안 발령되면서, 미세먼지로 인한 국민의 불안감은 점차 가중되고 있다. 본 연구는 공기정화식물이 적용된 바이오필터의 다중이용시설 내 적용성 평가를 위해 입자상 오염원의 실내 연속방출환경을 조성하여 오염원 저감효과에 대한 측정방법을 제안하고, 시스템의 실내공기질 개선 여부를 확인할 수 있는 기초연구를 진행하였다. 강의실을 대상으로 춘절기에 모니터링 1시간 전 모기향을 오염원으로 배경농도를 조성한 후, 스케줄에 따라 2시간 관수, 1시간 송풍하여 미세먼지의 저감능을 확인하였으며, 바이오필터 2m 전방에 PM₁₀, PM_2.5 및 온습도 센서를 설치하고, 3개 송풍구 중 중앙에 풍속 프로브를 설치하여 시계열 모니터링을 수행하였다. 바이오필터에 구비된 총 3개소의 송풍구 평균 면풍속은 0.38±0.16 m/s로 댐퍼 면적이 제외된 송풍구별 면적 0.29m×0.65m을 적용한 총 공조풍량이 776.89±320.16㎥/h로 산출되었다. 시스템 가동으로 평균온도 21.5~22.3℃, 평균상대습도 63.79~73.6%를 유지하여, 선행연구의 다양한 조건별 온습도 범위에 부합하는 것으로 판단된다. 시스템 공조부 구동을 통해 급격하게 상대습도를 상승시키는 효과를 효율적으로 운용할 경우, 계절에 따른 실내 미세먼지 저감과 적정한 상대습도 확보도 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 미세먼지 농도는 바이오필터 시스템 가동 전의 모든 주기에서 상승 현상이 동일하게 집계되었으며, 시스템 가동 후 1주기 송풍구간(B-1, β=-3.83, β=-2.45)에서 미세먼지(PM₁₀)는 최대 28.8% 수준인 560.3㎍/㎥, 초미세 먼지(PM_2.5)는 최대 28.0% 수준인 350.0㎍/㎥까지 저감되었다. 이후 미세먼지(PM₁₀, PM_2.5)의 농도는 2주기 송풍구간 감소(B-2, β=-5.50, β=-3.30)로 각각 최대 32.6% 수준인 647.0㎍/㎥, 32.4% 수준인 401.3㎍/㎥까지 저감되었고, 3주기 송풍구간감소(B-3, β=5.48, β=-3.51)로 최대 30.8% 수준인 732.7㎍/㎥, 31.0% 수준인 459.3㎍/㎥까지 저감된 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구는 식생 바이오필터의 다중이용시설 내 설치와 유관한 관련 표준 및 규정을 참조하여, 객관적인 성능평가환경의 구축 방안을 제시할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 일반 강의실 환경 내에 보다 객관화된 모니터링 인프라를 조성하여, 상대적으로 신뢰성 있는 데이터 확보가 가능했던 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.451-460
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• 2013

본 연구는 참깻묵이 거세 한우의 비육성적과 등심의 지방산 조성, 유리 아미노산 함량 및 관능평가에 미치는 영향을 조사 하고자 실시되었다. 평균 체중 412.08 kg의 거세한우 12두를 체중과 월령을 고려하여 대조구 (참깻묵 무급여구)와 시험구 (14.6개월령부터 참깻묵 급여구)로 배치한 후, 480일간 사양 시험을 실시하였다. 대조구와 시험구의 종료 시 체중, 총증체량 및 일당증체량은 각각 741.17과 762.67 kg, 331.84와 347.84 kg 및 0.69와 0.72 kg 나타났으며, 사료요구율은 대조구와 시험구가 각각 15.31, 14.87 kg으로 참깻묵 급여구인 시험구가 3% 더 낮게 나타났다. 대조구와 시험구의 냉도체중과 근내지방도는 각각 424.17과 447.00 kg, 4.83 및 5.50으로 나타났으나, 통계적인 유의성은 없었다. 처리구별 1등급 이상 출현율은 시험구가 83.3%로 대조구 66.7%에 비하여 높았다. 도체 등심의 융점은 대조구가 $30.65^{\circ}C$, 시험구가 $28.28^{\circ}C$로 시험구에서 유의적으로 (p<0.05) 낮았다. 처리구별 등심 내 지방산 조성 중 포화지방산인 $C_{14:0}$ (myristic acid)과 $C_{16:0}$ (palmitic acid)의 함량은 시험구가 유의적 (p<0.05)으로 낮았고, 불포화지방산인 $C_{18:1}$ (oleic acid)은 시험구가 유의적 (p<0.05)으로 높았다. 등심 내 유리 아미노산 조성 중 소고기의 맛과 관련된 특징적인 유리 아미노산인 glutamic acid의 함량은 시험구가 대조구에 비하여 유의적 (p<0.05)으로 높았다. 관능평가 요인 중 연도와 종합기호도에서도 시험구가 유의적 (p<0.05)으로 높은 점수를 받았다. 이상과 같은 결과를 종합 해 보면 거세 한우에 참깻묵 급여는 육질등급 출현율 개선 뿐 아니라 소고기 맛과 건강에 유익한 불포화지방산 함량을 증가시키는데 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.642-652
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• 2008

본 연구는 축산폐수 중 COD$_{Cr}$을 응집공정 후 Photo-Fenton 공정에 의해 산화분해 최적조건 및 제거 예측식에 수립에 관한 연구이다. 본 연구는 축산폐수 중 COD$_{Cr}$에 대한 Photo-Fenton 산화반응을 이용하여 이들 분해특성을 2차원 반응모델로 추정하기 위해 중심합설계법 대안으로 많이 사용되고 있는 박스-벤켄법(Box-Behnken method)을 이용하였다. 최적조건 수립을 위한 입력변수, 즉 3가지 변수(Fe(II)(x$_1$), $H_2O_2(x_2)$, pH(x$_3$)) 등을 램덤화, 반복화 및 블록화 원리에 따라 실험설계하여 반응값에 대한 예측식을 수학적으로 산출하였다. 수학적 및 통계적으로 산출된 예측식은 Y = 79.3 + 15.61x$_1$ - 7.31x$_2$ - 4.26x$_3$ - 18x$_1{^2}$ - 10x$_2{^2}$ - 11.9x$_3{^2}$ + 2.49x$_1x_2$ - 4.4x$_2x_3$ - 1.65x$_1x_3$와 같이 얻을 수 있었고 COD$^{Cr}$ 제거율(%)의 실측치에 대한 예측치의 적합도(goodness of fit) 검증시 결정계수(coefficient of determination: R$^2$) 0.96으로 에측식을 충분히 설명할 수 있었다. 예측 모형에 대한 최소제곱추정법으로 적합된 반응표면에서 1차 선형항(linear term)은 Fe(II)(x$_1$), $H_2O_2(x_2)$, 그리고 pH(x$_3$)은 상승작용(synergistic effect)으로 반응모델에 유의한 차이를 보였으며(p < 0.001) 그러나 교호항(cross-product term)은 $H_2O_2$ $\times$ pH(x$_2x_3$)와 순수이차항(quadratic terms)의 Fe(II) $\times$ Fe(II)(x$_1{^2}$), $H_2O_2$ $\times$ H$_2O_2$(x$_2{^2}$) 그리고 pH $times$ pH(x$_3{^2}$) 등은 대립적인(감쇠)(antagonistic effect) 작용으로 반응모델에 유의한 차이를 보였다(p < 0.01). 반응 모델에 대한 예측식 수립 후 COD$_{Cr}$ 제거율(%)의 최적조건을 도출하기 위해 정준분석(canonical analysis)와 능선분석(ridge analysis)에 이용한 결과 반응값(결과값: Y)은 84 $\pm$ 0.95%, COD$_{Cr}$ 최적처리를 위한 변수들의 조건은 Fe(II)(X$_1$) = 0.0146 mM, $H_2O_2$(X$_2$) = 0.0867 mM 그리고 pH(X$_3$) = 4.704 등의 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 또한 이들 최적조건을 이용하여 재현성을 통한 모델검증 결과 높은 신뢰성을 보였다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.346-353
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• 2002

목 적: 폐구균은 영유아와 소아에서 세균성 뇌막염, 중이염, 부비동염 등의 주요한 원인균으로 혈액과 중추 신경계로 전파가 잘되며 사망률이 높다. 최근 전 세계적으로 페니실린은 물론 여러 항균제에 내성을 보이는 폐구균이 증가하는 추세여서 의료계에 큰 문제로 대두되고 있다. 이에 폐구균의 상기도 보균율과 항균제 내성 양상에 대한 정확한 파악이 임상에서 경험적 항균제 선택에 많은 도움을 줄 수 있으므로 연구자는 서울 지역 유아원에 다니는 5세 이하 소아에서 폐구균의 상기도 보균율과 혈청군 및 분리된 균의 항균제 감수성에 대해 연구하였다. 방 법: 1998년 3-6월까지 서울지역의 5개 유아원에서 5세 이하 소아 209명을 대상으로 소독된 면봉으로 이들의 구인강 점막을 세게 문질러 검체를 얻고 이 중 63명에서 폐구균을 분리하였다. 이 때 폐구균은 형태, optochin 검사, 그람 염색, 및 catalase 검사로 동정하였다. 이 중 구인강에서 분리된 폐구균 59균주를 대상으로 penicillin, cefotaxime, vancomycin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, erythromycin, oxacillin, ciprofloxacin에 대해서 감수성 검사를 시행하였다. 폐구균의 혈청군은 48균주에서 검사가 가능하였으며 group specific antisera를 이용한 Quelling 반응으로 미국의 Birmingham에 있는 University of Alabama에서 시행하였다. 결 과: 전체 소아의 구인강에 존재하는 폐구균의 보균율은 30.1%이었으며, 연령별로는 1세 미만은 없었으며, 1세가 25%, 2세가 16.1%, 3세가 31%, 4세가 34.4%, 5세가 33.3%였다. 폐구균에 대한 항균제 내성 양상을 보면 tetracycline은 89.8%, erythromycin은 76.3%, oxacillin은 72.4% trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole은 58.6%, chloramphenicol은 22.0%, cefotaxime은 6.7%의 내성율을 보였으며, vancomycin에 는 모두 감수성을 보였다. 페니실린 내성율은 66.0% 이었고 페니실린 감수성 균주와 내성 균주에서의 타 항균제에 대한 내성 비교시 페니실린 감수성 균주의 경우 cefotaxime, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin 등에 모두 감수성이 있었으며, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, oxacillin에 21-75%의 내성을 보였다. 반면 페니실린 내성 균주의 경우 cefotaxime에 58.3%의 내성을 보였으며, tetracyclin, oxacillin, erythromycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole에 각각 94.8-97.4%의 내성을 보여 대체로 페니실린 감수성 균주는 다른 항균제에도 감수성을 보였으나, 페니실린 내성 균주는 타항균제에도 내성을 보이는 경우가 많았다. 페니실린 다제 내성균주는 76.3%였다. 혈청군 검사가 가능하였던 49균주 중 혈청군 19가 12례로 가장 많았고 6이 9례, 3이 8례, 23이 6례, 29가 5례, 그밖에 13, 14, 16, 22, 31 및 34형이 있었다. 혈청군에 따라서 페니실린 내성에도 차이를 보여 혈청군 19, 23 및 29에서는 모두 감수성이 없었으며 혈청군 6에서는 1균주에서 감수성이 있었으나 혈청군 3에서는 7균주에서 감수성이 있어 혈청군에 따라 penicillin에 대한 감수성에 차이를 보여주었다. 결 론 : 유아원 소아 중 30.1%의 구인강에서 폐구균이 분리되었고, 분리된 폐구균은 페니실린을 비롯한 여러 항균제에 높은 내성율을 보였다. 구인강에서 분리된 폐구균 중 혈청군 19가 가장 많았고 6, 3, 23, 29가 대부분을 차지하였으며 폐구균은 혈청군에 따라서 페니실린 내성에 차이를 보여 주었다. 폐구균의 내성율을 줄이기 위해서는 우선 항균제의 적절한 사용과 유아원과 같은 집단시설의 환경 개선, 2세 미만 소아에게 적절한 백신 개발 및 예방접종 등 적극적인 노력이 수반되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.43-59
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• 1977

The Community Health Service considers the family as a service unit and places the emphasis of its service on the health problems and the nursing needs of the family rather than the individual. From the conceptual point of view that tile community health service is both health maintenance and health promotion of the family, the community health nurse should have a knowledge of the growth and development of the family and be responsible for the comprehensive support of normal family development. The community health nurse often is in a position to make a real contribution to normal family development. In order to investigate the relationship between the areas of nursing need and family development, the following objectives were established 1. To discover the general characteristics of the study population by the stage of family development. 2. To discover specific nursing needs in relation to the family developmental stage, and to determine the intensity of the nursing needs and the ability of the family to cope with these needs. 3. To discover overall family health nursing problems in relation to the family developmental stage and determine the intensity of the nursing need and the problem solving ability of family. Definitions : The family developmental stages as classified by Dually were used stage 1. Married couples(without children) stage 2. Childbearing Families (oldest child birth to 30 months of age) stage 3. Families with preschool children (oldest child 2½-to 6 years) stage 4. Families with schoolchildren (oldest child 6 to 13 years). stage 5. Families with teenagers (oldest child 13 to 20 years) stage 6. Families as launching centers (first child gone to last child′s leaving home). stage 7. Middle- aged parents (empty nest to retirement) stage 8. Aging family member (retirement to death of both spouses) The areas of nursing need were defined as those used in the study, "A Comprehensive Study about Health and Nursing Need and a Social Diagram of the Community", by tile Nursing research Institute and Center for population. and Family Planning, July 1974. The study population defiled and selected were 260 nuclear families ill two myron of Kang Hwa Island. Percent, mean value and F- test were utilized in tile statistical analysis of the study result. Findings : 1. General characteristics of the study population by tile family developmental stage ; 1)The study population was distributed by the family developmental stage as follows : stage 1 : 3 families stage 2 : 13 families stage 3 : 24 families stage 4 : 41 families stage 5 : 50 families stage 6 : 106 families stage 7 : 13 families stage 8 : 10 families 2) Most families had 4 or 5 members except for those in stage, 1, 7, and 8. 3) The parents′ present age was older in the higher developmental stage and their age at marriage was also younger in the higher developmental stages. 4) The educational level of parents was primarily less than elementary school irrespective of the developmental stage. 5) More than half of parents′ occupations were listed as laborers irrespective of the developmental stage, 6) More than half of the parents were atheists irrespective of the developmental stage. 7) The higher the developmental stage(from stage 2 to stage 6 ), the wider the distribution of children′s ages. 8) More than half of the families were of middle or lower socio-economic level. 2. Problems in specific areas of nursing need by family developmental stage, the intensity of nursing need and the problem solving ability of the family : 1) As a whole, many problems, irrespective of the developmental stage, occurred in tile areas of Housing and Sanitation, Eating Patterns, Housekeeping, Preventive Measures and Dental care. Problems occurring ill particular stages included the following ; stage 1 : Prevention of Accident stage 2 : Preventive Vaccination, Family Planning. stage 3 : Preventive Vaccination, Maternal Health, Family Planning, Health of Infant and Preschooler. stage 4, 5 : Preventive Vaccination, Family Planning, Health of School Children. stage 6 : Preventive Vaccination, Health of School Children. 2) The intensity of the nursing need in the area of Acute and Chronic Diseases was generally of moderate degree or above irrespective of the developmental stages except for stage 1. Other areas of need listed as moderate or above were found in the following stages: stage 1 : Maternal Health stage 3 . Horsing and Sanitation, Prevention of Accident. stage 4 . Housing and Sanitation. stage 5 : Housing and Sanitation, Diagnostic and Medical Care. stage 6 : Diagnostic and Medical care stage 7 : Diagnostic and Medical Care, Housekeeping. stage 8 : Housing and Sanitation, Prevention of Accident, Diagnostic and Medical Care, Dental Care, Eating Patterns, Housekeeping. 3) Areas of need with moderate problem solving ability or less were as follows : stage 1 : Diagnostic and Medical Care, Maternal Health. stage 2 : Prevention of Accident, Acute and Chronic Disease, Dental Care. stage 3 : Housing and Sanitation, Acute and Chronic Disease, Diagnostic and Medical Care, Preventive Measure, Dental Care, Maternal Health, Health of Infant and preschooler, Eating Patterns. stage 4 : Housing and Sanitation, Prevention of Accident, Diagnostic and Medical Care, Preventive Measure, Dental Care, Maternal Health, Health of New Born, Health of Infant and Preschooler, Health of school Children, Eating Patterns, Housekeeping. stage 5 . Housing and Sanitation, Prevention of Accident, Acute and Chronic Disease, Diagnostic and Medical Care, Preventive Measure, Dental Care, Preventive Vaccination, Maternal Health, Eating Patterns. stage 7, 8 : Housing and Sanitation, Prevention of Accident, Acute and Chronic Disease, Diagnostic and Medical Care, Preventive Measures, Dental Care, Preventive Vaccination, Eating Patterns , Housekeeping. Problem occurrence, the degree of nursing need and the degree of problem solving ability 1 nursing need areas for the family as a whole were as follows : 1) The higher the stages(except stage 1 ), the lower the rate of problem occurrence. 2) The higher the stage becomes, the lower the intensity of the nursing need becomes. 3) The higher the stages (except stages 7 and 8), the higher. the problem solving ability. Conclusions ; 1) When the nursing care plan for the family is drawn up, depending upon the stage of family development, higher priority should be give to nursing need areas ① at which problems were shown to occur ② where the nursing need is shown to be above moderate degree and ③ where the problem solving ability was shown to be of moderate degree. 2) The priority of the nursing service should be Placed ① not on those families in the high developmental stage but on those families in the low developmental stage ② and on those areas of need shown in stages 7 and 8 where the degree nursing need was high and the ability to cope low.