• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6985-6989
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• 2013

Background: This study aimed to examine out-of-pocket expenditure for cancer treatments of hospitalized patients and to analyze changing patterns over time. Materials and Methods: This study examined data of all cancer patients receiving inpatient care from two tertiary hospitals from January 2003 to December 2010. Medical expenditures per admission were calculated and classified into those covered and uncovered by the Korean National Health Insurance (NHI) and co-payment. Results: The medical expenditure per admission increased slowly from 3,455 thousand Korean won (KRW) to 4,068 thousand KRW. While expenditures covered by the NHI have increased annually, co-payments have generally decreased. The out-of-pocket expenditure ratio, which means the proportion of uncovered expenditure and co-payment among total medical expenditure dropped sharply from 2005 to 2007 and was maintained at a similar level after 2007. Medical expenditures, NHI coverage, and the out-of-pocket expenditure ratio differed across cancer types. Conclusions: It is necessary to continually monitor the expenditure of uncovered services by the NHI, and to provide policies to reduce this economic burden. In addition, an individual approach considering cancer type-specific characteristics and medical utilization should be provided.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.2195-2198
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• 2016

Background: Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy among women with wide differences in clinical profile from region to region. The present study aimed to describe the profile of breast cancer patients attending a tertiary care hospital in Marathwada region of Western India. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive retrospective study, we reviewed records of pathologically diagnosed patients of breast cancer managed at our center from years 2009 to 2015. Data with respect to demographic status, detailed past, medical, familial and personal history, findings of clinical examination and histological features were obtained. Patients were staged according to the Tumor Node Metastasis (TNM) system. Results: Among 260 cases, mean age of presentation was 52.6, with average age of menarche of 11.3 and menopause of 52.6 years. The majority of patients were from urban regions and were postmenopausal (64.3%). Main clinical features presentation were breast lumps. Most patients were in stage II and had infiltrating duct carcinomas. Conclusions: Most common risk factors for breast cancer observed are increasing age, low parity and obesity. Breast cancer was more prevalent among postmenopausal women presenting in stage II with infiltating duct carcinoma in our region of India.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.30-39
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• 2018

Background: Clinical Pharmacy Practice Experience (CPPE) is an important curriculum that offers students patient-centered disease prevention and treatment with evidence-based optimal pharmacotherapy for better clinical outcomes. However, few studies have evaluated the perception of pharmacy students regarding CPPE in tertiary and secondary hospitals. This study aimed to evaluate the perception of pharmacy students regarding the learning program of CPPE. Methods: The survey questionnaire consisted of 15 self-administered questions regarding pharmacy practices, barriers, and improvement of practical training. Fourteen institutional pharmacies located in seven regions responded to a survey questionnaire from March 1 to June 30, 2017. The participants were pharmacy students doing clerkship in a hospital setting. Results: The response rate was 73.6%. Thirty-five participants (22.4%) had used a hospital library, but 121 (77.6%) had never used the library for drug information resources. Eighty-one (50.0%) responded that clinical knowledge and drug information was the most beneficial practice. Thirty-seven (31.1%) respondents in the tertiary hospitals and 19 (46.3%) in the secondary hospitals answered that they were filling prescriptions during the daily break. On the other hand, 72 respondents (60.5%) in the tertiary hospitals and 17 (41.5%) in the secondary hospitals did literature research to prepare for presentation. Conclusion: More students in secondary hospitals continue to fill prescriptions during the daily break, as compared to those in tertiary hospitals. Therefore, the authors suggest self-directed learning to improve clinical performance and each institution considers offering onsite or online library service to improve evidence-based CPPE for pharmacy school students.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.158-169
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• 1993

Health promotions have been identified as foundamental concepts for nursing practice, especially in community health nursing. Nurses have been regarded as having important role's in health promotion activities. According to a review of literature, the concepts of health promotion consist of prevention services, health protection. Health prevention services have three levels : Primary secondary and tertiary. The objectives of this study are (1) to analyze the health promotion activities in school nursing. (2) to analyze health promotion activities in community health nursing posts. (3) to analyze the health promotion activities in industrial nursing while suggesting future direction for health promotion in community health nursing areas. The major results are first, Prevention services are most actively performed rather than health protection, and health education in three areas: School, industries, and community. Health nursing, secondary prevention services follow emergency care, and ordinary diseases control are especially active. Health promotion can ultimately from changing life be accomplished styles, and health behavior. As a consequence, future directions promoting health in community health nursing are desirable areas. Focusing on health protection, and health education that is not activated presently.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.157-163
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• 2012

Objective: This study is to understand medical management method in shipbuilding industry. Background: In shipbuilding industry, medical management for prevention of work-related musculoskeletal diseases due to limitations of engineering measures may be important measure. Results: Medical management of musculoskeletal diseases can be divided into primary, secondary, tertiary preventions. Primary preventions consist of symptom survey, appropriate work placement with work capacity evaluation, health promotion. Second preventions are early detection of symptomatic patient and appropriate treatment. Tertiary preventions are rehabilitation treatment and early return-to-work by return-to-work evaluation. In addition, patients with psychological counseling for emotional problems are needed. Conclusion: Medical management measures such as improving the work environment to be made are expected to exert greater effects.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 2022

This study is a descriptive study to investigate factors affecting the level of performance of COVID-19 infection prevention activities among nurses. The participants were 190 nurses at a tertiary hospital located in Daejeon city and data collection was performed during March, 2021. The results showed that the factors affecting the level of performance of infection prevention activities were age(β=.25, p=.008), working unit(β=.15, p=.046), and hospital safety climate(β=.17, p=.025). Therefore, in order to improve the level of performance of infection prevention activities among hospital nurses, education and policy to establish a hospital safety climate should be implemented.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.1321-1325
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• 2015

Self-care to prevent cancer and self-management to cope with the disease are two discrete effective mechanisms for improving of control and management of neoplasia. Both them have certain strategies and practices. Often the two are used interchangeably despite their different approaches. Strategies of self-care usually refer to prevention at different levels include primary, secondary and tertiary. In contrast, strategies of self-management are related to management and alleviation of unpleasant cancer-related symptoms and treatment-related side effects for improving the quality of life of cancer survivors. Successful promoting of self-care and self-management strategies need people and survivor empowerment. Within this context, innovative approaches open a new window. In this paper after a brief review of related strategies and practices, we provide an explanation of how cancer portals may play an important role in the empowerment process and what are key potentials for implementing of self-care and self-management strategies for cancer.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.33-43
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was using a meta-analysis to estimate effect size of school violence prevention program. Using an objective and systematic method, meta-analysis has advantages that prove intervention's amount and direction. Meta-analysis facilitates comprehensive analysis. Through the data collection, 33studies were selected and 129 effect size were calculated as analysis objects. The overall effect size of school violence prevention program was 0.624. In the human characteristic, the affective domain had the largest effect size. Next were the physical domain, cognitive domain, the social domain and the complex domain. Analysis on age of participant, high grade elementary students group had the largest effect size. Next were the high school students, middle school students and the lower grade elementary students group. Analysis on intervention periods, tertiary prevention had a largest effect size. Next were secondary prevention and primary prevention. Based on the findings, implications for future study were discussed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.4979-4981
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• 2012

Aim: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers of women in India with high fatality rate. Over a 1 year study period 105 consecutive biopsy or fine needle aspiration cytology confirmed breast cancer patients were interviewed by direct questionnaire method regarding risk factors attending Surgery and Radiotherapy OPD of Medical College Kolkata, West Bengal while taking other 105 patients attending Surgery Department for some other disease as controls. The data were compiled in MS Excel 2007 and analyzed by Epi info 3.5.1 software. Among the cases, rural residence, illiteracy and low socio-economic status was significantly higher than controls. Late onset of menarche, late onset of menopause, ever OCP usage, breast feeding for 1-2 years and age of 1st childbirth between 20-30 years were found to be significant protective factors. People should be made aware regarding the modifiable risk factors to prevent breast cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.2801-2804
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• 2016

It is conventionally accepted that renal cell carcinoma (RCC) occurs in older patients and the clear cell type is the most common histology. However, ethnic variations exist and this study was carried out to determine the epidemiological pattern of RCC in Oman. Ninety RCC patients who presented to a tertiary care center in the Sultanate of Oman from 2010 to 2014 were studied. The main findings were that the median age of presentation was low, more patients presented with localized stage, and there was a higher incidence of non-clear (especially papillary) histology. Data from other Gulf countries and possible reasons for the different profile are discussed.