• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2010

Early nutritional support for preterm infants is critical because such support influences long-term outcome. Minimal enteral feeding should be initiated as soon as possible if an infant is stable and if feeding advancement is recommended as relevant to the clinical course. Maternal milk is the gold standard for enteral feeding, but fortification may be needed to achieve optimal growth in a rapidly growing premature infant. Erythromycin may aid in promoting gastrointestinal motility in cases that exhibit feeding intolerance. Selected preterm infants need vitamins, mineral supplements, and calorie enhancers to meet their nutritional needs. Despite all that is known about this topic, additional research is needed to guide postdischarge nutrition of preterm infants in order to maintain optimal growth and neurodevelopment.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.379-387
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between maternal age and infant mortality in Korea(n=617,867). Data of Korean vital statistics linked National Infant Mortality Survey conducted on births in 1999 were used in this study. The odds ratios (ORs) of infant death by maternal age were estimated with the multiple logistic regression model, adjusting for gender, plurality, birth order, low birth weight, and congenital malformation. After adjusting for the relevant variables, the odds of infant death in the group of maternal age with less than 20 years(Odds ratio [OR], 5.29, 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.51-7.98), 20-24 years(OR, 1.44, 95% CI, 1.23-1.69), 35-39 years(OR, 1.28, 95% CI, 1.11-1.46), and more than 40 years(OR, 1.94, 95% CI, 1.53-2.45) was higher than that of reference group(25-29 years). In conclusion, the higher infant mortality in the group of maternal age with less than 25 years and more than 35 years in Korea appears to be due to higher proportion of low birth weight and pre-term birth. Prenatal care intervention programs which tackle biological factors for advanced maternal age and address socio-economic problems and social stigma for early maternal age should be devised.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.3-15
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• 1986

This study was intended to investigate the rheological properties of the development formula of infant foods and the results are summarized as follow ; 1) Consistency of starch solutions measured by Brabender Anylograph and Brookfield viscometer showed that waxy rice and riece with malt had lower consistency and more rheological stability.The flow type of tested raw materials and formula was found to ？ pseudoplastic, as judged by n-value of 0.332 -0.692, and no yield value. 2) The influenced of temperature on consistency could be accounted for by the equation, In (n) = K(1/T) + const. this relationship indicated that consistency of tested sample increased as temperature decreased. The consistency of waxy rice, rice with malt and formula A were less affected by the temperature change. 3) Infant foods with malt(formula A ) ad with waxy rice maintained better freeze-thaw stability in terms of consistency and starch aggregation indicating that this infant food could be stored for a long term in the freezer section of the home refrigeratory without adverse effect on the product quality. 4) From the above experiments, it would necessarily follow that infant food can be easily made at home the food-stuffs generally available around us, and that the easiest and safest way to store them lies in making them into semisolid state, and in keeping them in frozen state.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.671-679
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a mother/infant-toddler health program developed to enhance parenting knowledge, behavior and confidence in low income mothers and home environment. Methods: A one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design was used. Sixty-nine dyads of mothers and infant-toddlers (aged 0-36 months) were provided with weekly intervention for seven session. Each session consisted of three parts; first, educating to increase integrated knowledge related to the development of the infant/toddler including nutrition, first aid and home environment; second, counseling to share parenting experience among the mothers and to increase their nurturing confidence; third, playing with the infant/toddler to facilitate attachment-based parenting behavior for the mothers. Results: Following the programs, there were significant increases in parenting knowledge on nutrition and first aid. A significant improvement was found in attachment-based parenting behavior, but not in home safety practice. Nurturing confidence was not significantly increased. The program led to more positive home environment for infant/toddler's health and development. Conclusion: The findings provide evidence for mother-infant/toddler health program to improve parenting knowledge, attachment-based parenting behavior and better home environment in low income mothers. Study of the long term effectiveness of this program is recommended for future research.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.129-144
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• 2002

This longitudinal quasi-experimental research was conducted to develop parent role education program and to evaluate the effect of this program for mother-infant interaction, childrearing environment and infant development. The subjects were the healthy infants weighing over 2,500gm at birth, whose gestational age was more than 37weeks, and their healthy mothers. The sample consisted of eighteen mother-infant dyads for intervention group and sixteen dyads for control group. Data were collected from March 15th in 1999 to Jun 20th in 2000. The intervention group received programmed education consisted of discharge education, telephone counselling, and home visiting care. But control group were collected data without programmed education. In this study, the Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale(NCATS) devised by Barnard was used to determine the mother-infant interaction, HOME was used to determine the childrearing environment, and Griffiths mental development scale was used to determine the infant development. The data were analyzed using SPSS Win using chi-square test, t-test, and repeated measure ANOVA. This study was focused on the results of twelve months time point. Summaries of the results were as follows: 1. There was no significant difference in mother-infant interaction(NCATS) between intervention group and control group. But both of two groups showed significantly higher in interaction score at twelve months than at six months in the subscales of social-emotional growth fostering, and responsiveness to caregiver. 2. There was no significant difference in childrearing environment(HOME) between two groups at twelve months. But when each subscale of HOME was examined, intervention group showed higher scores in the dimensions of maternal involvement with child(p=.001), and maternal emotional-verbal responsivity(p=.048). 3. There was no significant difference in GQ of the Griffiths mental development scale between two groups, although significant difference was found in performance subscale. 4. Infant development at twelve months showed significant correlation with mother-infant interaction and childrearing environment at six months, although mother-infant interaction and childrearing environment at twelve months did not show significant correlations with infant development at twelve months. 5. Developmental scores at six months showed significant correlations with variety in daily stimulation, and mother's emotional, verbal responsivity, whereas developmental scores at twelve months showed significant correlations with acceptance of child behavior at six months, and appropriate play material at twelve months. In conclusion, the maternal education program for primipara showed long term effect in some categories in organizing the childrearing environment, and fostering the infant development. We suggest further study and implications of parent role education program for high risk parents such as parents in low economic status or with premature babies.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.841-850
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• 2003

Soy-based formula has been used for centuries in Korea. Soybeans contain phytochemicals with a biochemically active component, isoflavone. Isoflavone is a kind of phytoestrogens, structurally and functionally similar to estrogen. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of soy-based infant formula on growth, development, and isoflavone concentration in the plasma and urine. Thirty-nine healthy infants who were delivered at K university medical center were recruited. Experimental groups were the breast milk group (n = 15, BM) who were fed breast milk, soy-based formula group (n = 10, SBF) who were fed soy-based infant formula, and the casein-based formula group (n = 14, CBF) who were fed casein-based infant formula for 4 months. HPLC analysis was used to measure the concentration of isoflavones. The measurements of infant weight, length, head circumference and chest circumference were all in the normal growth range and were similar among the experimental groups. No significant differences were found in the scores of total mean of infant development test (Development Quotient, DQ) among the experimental groups. The isoflavone content of soy-based formula was significantly higher than. that of breast milk and casein-based formula. Plasma concentration of daidzein and genistein in the infants fed soy-based formula (daidzein : 264.1 ng/ml, genistein : 392.1 ng/ml) was significantly higher (p<.0001) than that in infants fed breast milk (daidzein : 3.4 ng/ml, genistein : 3.8 ng/ml) and casein-based formula (daidzein: 8.1 ng/ml, genistein: 9.3 ng/ml). Also, urinary daidzein and genistein concentrations in infants fed soy-based formula (daidzein: 19.82 $\mu$g/ml, genistein : 17.89 $\mu$g/ml) were significantly higher (p<.001) than those in infants fed breast milk (daidzein: 0.28 $\mu$g/ml, genistein : 0.22 $\mu$g/ml) and casein-based formula (daidzein : 0.45 $\mu$g/ml, genistein : 0.33 $\mu$g/ml).

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.191-203
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• 1999

A clinical study was made on 365 low birth weight infant and 406 normal birth weight infant who had been born at Kangnam St. mary's Hospital during past 3 years from Jan. 1, 1995 to Dec. 31, 1997. the data of this study were gathered through reviewing of medical records. 1. Comparison of general characteristic with of obstetric characteristic 1) Old maternal age, previous abortion and previous LBWI delivery in the group of low birth weight infant(LBWI) mother were more prevalent than those in the group of normal birth weight infant(NBWI)mother 2) Cesarean section, abnormal presentation and multiple pregnancy in the group of LBWI mother were prevalent than those in the group of NBWI mother. 3) regular antenartal care and visiting rate of tertiary hospital in the group of LBWI mother were more prevalent than those in the group of NBWI mother. 2. Frequency of low birth weight infant 1) Anmual average frequency of LBWI was 6.5% and monthly frequency was the highest in January and december. 2) The frequency of LBWI was the highest in 37-40wks of gestational age and was the highest in 2251-2500 gm of birth weight. 3) The frequency of congenital anomaly in the group of LBWI was more prevalent than that of NBWI. 3. Mortality rate of LBWI The mortality rate of LBWI was 9.2%. The highest mortality rate was noted before 27wks of gestational age, less than 1000gm of birth weight and within 12hrs of delivery. 4. The most common complication of pregnant women was pre-term labor, the most complication relating to placenta was premature rupture of membrane(PROM) and the most fetal complication was fetal distress in delivered LBWI. 5. Significant relating factors of low birth weight infant delivery were associated with maternal age, previous delivery, previous low birth weight delivery, pre-eclampsia, anemia, oligohydramnios, PROM, placenta previa, abruptio placenta, fetal sex, fetal distress and congenital anomaly.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.403-412
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D) status of breastfed infants less than six months old and their mothers, and factors affecting the status. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on breastfed, term, Filipino infants less than six months old who were seen at local health centers and clinics in an urban area. The serum 25(OH)D levels of these infants and their mothers were determined, and their demographic data, nutritional status, sun exposure behavior, and maternal vitamin D intake were analyzed for correlation using regression models. Results: Among the 131 infants, 101 (77%) had vitamin D deficiency (VDD), which was defined as having 25(OH)D levels <37.5 nmol/L, and 13 (10%) had vitamin D insufficiency (VDI), with levels >37.5-50 nmol/L. Conversely, maternal VDD with levels <50 nmol/L was seen in 31 (24%) mothers and maternal VDI with levels 50-75 nmol/L, in 63 (48%) mothers. Infant age and maternal 25(OH)D status were independent predictors of infant VDD. Infants less than three months old were found to have a six-time increased risk of infant VDD (p=0.004). Infants who had mothers with VDD had a six-time increased risk, whereas those with maternal VDI had a four-time increased risk of infant VDD (p=0.049 and p=0.020, respectively). Conclusion: Both infant and maternal VDD and VDI were seen to be highly prevalent in this tropical, urban community. Young infants and maternal VDD/VDI independently increased the risk of infant VDD, whereas lack of sun exposure of the mothers increased the risk for maternal VDI.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.12
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• pp.466-470
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• 2016

Early, aggressive nutrition is an important contributing factor of long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. To ensure optimal growth in premature infants, adequate protein intake and optimal protein/energy ratio should be emphasized rather than the overall energy intake. Minimal enteral nutrition should be initiated as soon as possible in the first days of life, and feeding advancement should be individualized according to the clinical course of the infant. During hospitalization, enteral nutrition with preterm formula and fortified human milk represent the best feeding practices for facilitating growth. After discharge, the enteral nutrition strategy should be individualized according to the infant's weight at discharge. Infants with suboptimal weight for their postconceptional age at discharge should receive supplementation with human milk fortifiers or nutrient-enriched feeding, and the enteral nutrition strategy should be reviewed and modified continuously to achieve the target growth parameters.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.11 no.sup1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2008

Special formulas are those in which one of the basic nutrients (usually the protein and/or carrbohydrate) has been changed to an alternative nutrient that an individual baby may better tolerate. The following are specialized formulas : Soy formulas, hypoallergenic formulas, Lactose free formulas, Premature baby formulas, Low phosphate formulas, Formulas for inborn errors of metabolism. Less is known about the long-term effects of feeding babies these special formulas and each formula has its unique properties and indications. The pediatrician must acquaint themselves with all commercially available infant formulas so as to provide the parent with reliable and unbiased information about them.