• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제66권4호
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• pp.807-833
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• 2024

Elderly people avoid eating red meat and dried meat product due to its texture and stiffness; they deprive them of rich sources of nutrients. In addition, food-related diseases are exponentially increasing due to using synthetic additives in food products. Therefore, this research aimed to develop semi-dried goat meat jerky considering geriatric preferences by using natural tenderizers and nitrate. Four treatments were formulated negative control (NC [synthetic nitrite without tenderizers]), positive control (PC [Swiss chard without tenderizers]), T1 (Swiss chard with pineapple powder), and T2 (Swiss chard with pineapple and tomato powder). T1 and T2 had higher processing yield, and rehydration capacity compared with NC and PC. The fat content of T1 and T2 was lower than the control groups. Moisture was significantly higher in T1, NC, and T2 than in PC (p < 0.05). T2 showed the lowest water activity (0.87), lowest shear force (4.82 kgf), and lowest total plate count (TPC). The lowest pH and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were observed in T1 and T2. T1 showed the lowest lightness and the maximum redness (p < 0.05) while PC showed the lowest yellowness. During the storage period, moisture and pH decreased, and TPC and TBARS significantly increased whereas water activity is stable regardless of the treatment. The results of the myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel revealed that T1 and T2 more effectively converted protein to polypeptides. In addition, tenderizers positively affected thrombogenicity, atherogenicity, and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic indices. T2 observed the highest overall sensory acceptance by reducing goaty flavor. Overall, jerky treated with tenderizers is easily chewable and digestible for the elderly due to its tenderness and essential fatty acids that would be senior-friendly food.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.288-293
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• 2007

본 실험에서는 기능성이 풍부한 우렁이를 가공하여 중간 수분식품으로 개발하기 위하여 일반적인 건조제품의 특성인 단단한 조직감을 개선하고자 먼저 우렁이를 천연조직 연화제들을 첨가한 침지액에 침지한 후 냉풍건조를 이용해 반건조 우렁이를 제조하고 이들의 특성을 조사하였다. Glycerol을 연화제로 첨가한 경우 전단력의 감소와 더불어 수분함량 및 수분활성도의 감소 효과를 가져 올 수 있었던 반면, 키위나 파인애플을 첨가한 경우는 전단력은 감소한 반면 수분함량과 수분활성도는 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. SDS-PAGE 분석 결과, 키위나 파인애플의 단백질 분해효소들이 근원섬유단백질 구조를 붕괴시킴으로 결과적으로 전단력이 낮아지는 결과를 가져왔음을 확인하였다. 기호도면에서는 glycerol의 경우 첨가하지 않은 것보다 다소 향상되었으나 키위나 파인애플에 비하여 그 영향이 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 키위와 파인애플의 경우는 과일이 지니는 독특한 맛과 향이 전반적인 제품의 풍미에 크게 영향을 주는 것으로 판단되며 이들이 함유하는 효소에 의한 근원단백질 붕괴에 의한 조직감 향상은 이들 연화제가 가지는 또 다른 이점이라 할 수 있겠다. 우렁이를 이용한 중간수분 식품 제조시 파인애플을 5%수준으로 사용하는 경우 상당한 기호도를 가지는 제품을 제조할 수 있는 가능성을 확인하였으며, 중간수분식품의 일반적 특성인 단단한 조직감도 효과적으로 개선할 수 있음을 보여주었다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.284-295
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• 2015

Records regarding beef cuisine and its tenderization were identified in 38 publications. Old cookbooks, agricultural texts, and Joseon's encyclopedias addressed the subject 411 times. The beef recipe was as follows: cutting 184 times, seasoning 112 times, moist heat cooking 196 times, dry heat cooking 129 times, and drying off 33 times. Recipe also used main ingredients 194 times, sub ingredients 203 times, garnish eight times, and stock six times. Regarding seasoning and flavoring materials, there were a total of 41 types of spices, tenderizers, and others written 839 times. There are two main types of tenderizing beef: physical and chemical methods. A total of 18 types of natural tenderizers were written 57 times in the recipe.

• 산업식품공학
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.116-121
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• 2011

과숙청과물에서 추출한 조효소액을 연화제로 사용하여 소시지 제조 과정에 있어 첨가 후 물성학적 성질의 변화를 파손강도와 응력완화현상을 이용하여 측정, 분석하였다. 키위, 포도, 배 중에서 키위가 가장 뛰어난 연육 효과를 보였으며 함량이 증가할수록 연화되는 정도가 컸다. 가열온도는 $70^{\circ}C$에서 최대의 연육 효과를 나타내었으며 온도를 높일수록 점탄성의 성질이 크게 나타났다. 각 제조조건에 따른 응력완화 실험에서는 모든 초기응력, 잔존평형응력, 탄성성분과 점성성분이 파손강도의 변화와 같은 경향을 나타내었다. 응력완화실험을 통하여 측정한 연화제 사용 소시지의 물성을 수학적 모델에 적용하여 조직의 변화를 수치화 하여 설명하였다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.121-138
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• 2019

In the present study, comparative efficacy of natural as well as synthetic tenderizers on the quality characteristics of restructured spent hen meat slices (RSHS) was studied. Four different batches of RSHS viz. Control (without any tenderizer), T1 (1.25% calcium chloride replacing salt in formulation), T2 and T3 (1.5% each of pineapple rind and fig powder, replacing binder in the formulation) were developed in pre-standardized formulation. Vacuum tumbling was performed for 2.5 h and cooked product (RSHS) was assayed for quality attributes. Samples were packaged in aerobic conditions, stored for 21 days under refrigeration ($4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$) and were evaluated for pH, oxidative and microbial quality parameters at regular interval of 7 days. Water holding capacity of T2 was recorded the highest and significantly higher (p<0.05) than all other samples. The textural attributes of T2 were comparable to T1 but significantly higher (p<0.05) than C and T3. The colour attributes ($L^*$, $a^*$, and $b^*$ value) of T2 and T3 were improved due to use of natural tenderizers. During sensory evaluation, tenderness scores for T2 samples were recorded the highest. Throughout storage period, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), free fatty acids (FFA) and peroxide value (PV) followed an increasing trend for control as well as treated products; however, T2 showed a significantly (p<0.05) lower value than control and other treated samples. It can be concluded that good quality RSHS with better storage stability could be prepared by utilizing 1.5% pineapple rind powder as natural tenderizer.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.313-323
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• 2015

One of the main processes of tenderizing beef in Joseon Dynasty was chemical methods involving Apricot seeds, manchu cherry twig and leaves, bamboo skins, mulberry tree bark, mangsa (硭砂), salmiacum (磠砂), alcohol, fermented malt, and original honey. This study analyzed and compared the effect of broussonetia papyrifera, fermented malt, cherry trees, and mulberry tree bark from old cookbooks. Tenderizing beef with cherry trees was most effective in the experiment on shearing force, TPA, and electrophoresis of beef. According to sensory evaluation and electrophoresis test results, tenderized beef with mulberry tree bark was slightly more preferred over the method using cherry trees. However, in accordance with the above mentioned experiment, quantitative descriptive analysis showed that the most common tenderizing material was derived from morus alba powder.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.930-937
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the textural and sensory properties of pork jerky with differently added sources of tenderizer or humectant at final concentrations of 2 or 5% (v/w). Pork jerky treated with 5% glycerol, kiwi, or pineapple had lower moisture content and water activity than that of control pork jerky (p<0.05). The addition of tenderizer or humectant resulted in a lower shear force than that of control (p<0.05). The addition of 2 or 5% glycerol resulted in higher equilibrium moisture content (EMC) than other treatments, and addition of tenderizer or humectant produced a higher EMC than that of control (p<0.05). Furthermore, addition of pineapple and kiwi to the samples affected the structures of the myosin heavy chain and the actin filaments of myofibrillar protein, respectively. Trained panel sensory evaluations indicated that pineapple enhanced the flavor score, whereas tenderness score was improved by the addition of tenderizer or humectant (p<0.05).

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.491-496
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a crude protease from Bacillus polyfermenticus on tenderizing pork meat. A B. polyfermenticus protease was characterized, and pork loin samples were treated in solutions containing different enzymes (papain and proteases from Aspergillus oryzae and B. polyfermenticus) and stored for 24, 72, or 168 h at $4^{\circ}C$. Each treated sample was subjected to a quality assessment. B. polyfermenticus protease activity was lower than that for other enzymes tested, although it easily hydrolyzed the meat protein. The optimum temperature and pH for the activity of this protease were $50^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.0. The meat tenderizing activity of the protease from A. oryzae was higher than that of papain and the B. polyfermenticus protease. The fragmentation index of the enzyme-treated with the B. polyfermenticus protease was higher than that of the control. A sensory evaluation was not different between meat treated with proteases, but the overall tenderness of enzyme-treated meats was higher than that of the controls. Therefore, the B. polyfermenticus protease, papain, and the A. oryzae protease appear to be suitable for use as meat tenderizers.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.309-318
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• 2003

본 연구는 저급한우갈비의 이용을 용이하게 하기 위해 건 양념에 키위, 배 등의 식물성 천연연화제를 첨가하여 저급양념한우갈비의 연도 개선 효과를 알아보고, 품질개선제를 첨가하여 품질개선 효과를 알아보고자 실시되었다.K0.1(키위분말 0.1%), K0.3(키위분말 0.3%), K0.5(키위분말 0.5%)를 첨가한 양념갈비의 MFI value는 각각 341.43$\pm$2.98, 368.31$\pm$10.95, 405.10 $\pm$5.82로 첨가량이 증가할수록 MFI value가 증가하였으며(P<0.001), P0.5(배분말 0.5%), P1.0(배분말 1.0%), P3.0(배분말 3.0%)를 첨가한 양념갈비에서도 첨가량이 증가할수록 MFI value가 증가하였다. 하지만, 배분말의 경우 갈비중량당 3.0% 정도 첨가시 확실한 연육효과가 기대되며, 배분말이 3.0%를 초과할시 더 큰 연육효과는 기대되지만, 갈비표면적보다 배분말의 부피가 역전되어 실효성이 없을 것으로 판단된다. 품질개선제로 CS(Polymix-CS)를 첨가한 경우 0.3% 수준 이상 첨가시 연육효과가 있었고, CS0.3과 CS0.5 처리구에서는 비슷한 MFI value를 나타내었다. 보수력(WHC)을 알아본 실험에서는 키위분말, 배분말 모두 첨가량이 증가할수록 보수력이 저하되었는데(P<0.001), 이러한 현상은 키위의 actinidin의 활성과, 배의 protease 성분으로 기인된 것으로 사료된다. 반면, 품질개선제를 첨가한 CS0.1, CS0.3, CS0.5 처리구에서는 첨가량이 증가할수록 보수력이 증가하였다. Drip loss의 경우는 보수력과 마찬가지로 키위분말과 배분말은 첨가량이 증가할수록 drip loss도 증가하였고, 반대로 품질개선제는 첨가량이 증가할수록 drip loss가 감소하는 경향을 보였다. Meat color는 양념과 혼합처리시 L*-value의 측정결과는 배분말 처리구에서 control과 유사한 값을 보였고, a*-value는 키위분말 0.1${\sim}$0.3%, 배분말 0.5${\sim}$1.0%, CS 0.3${\sim}$0.5 수준의 첨가시 control 보다 향상된 값을 보였다. 하지만, 양념갈비의 육색은 양념중 약 70%를 차지하는 설탕과 마늘 등으로 인한 심한 변색으로 첨가제의 첨가로 인한 육색의 안정 및 향상은 힘들 것으로 보인다. 관능검사의 경우 양념과 혼합처리시 Juiciness (P<0.01), Tenderness(P<0.001), Acceptability (P< 0.001) 항목에서 K0.3과 CS0.5 처리구가 전체적으로 높은 관능 수치를 나타내었으며, 배분말 중에서는 P3.0 처리구가 가장 높은 Accept- ability를 나타내었다. 또한 기타 항목에서는 갈비양념 성분으로 인해 유의차가 없었던 것으로 생각되며, 전체적으로 Acceptability는 Tender- ness, Juiciness와 밀접한 관계가 있음이 확인되었다. 본 실험에서 천연연화제로 사용한 키위분말과 배분말은 모두 식육연육효과를 가지고 있는 것으로 확인되었으며, 혼합인산염을 통한 품질개선효과도 확인하였다. 특히 키위는 적은 양으로도 연육효과가 있어, 앞으로 저급한우갈비에 효과적인 사용이 기대된다.