• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제65권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2023

Various techniques for bias correction and statistical downscaling have been developed to overcome the limitations related to the spatial and temporal resolution and error of climate change scenario data required in various applied research fields including agriculture and water resources. In this study, the characteristics of three different statistical dowscaling methods (i.e., SQM, SDQDM, and BCSA) provided by AIMS were summarized, and climate change scenarios produced by applying each method were comparatively evaluated. In order to compare the average rainfall characteristics of the past period, an index representing the average rainfall characteristics was used, and the reproducibility of extreme weather conditions was evaluated through the abnormal climate-related index. The reproducibility comparison of spatial distribution and variability was compared through variogram and pattern identification of spatial distribution using the average value of the index of the past period. For temporal reproducibility comparison, the raw data and each detailing technique were compared using the transition probability. The results of the study are presented by quantitatively evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of each method. Through comparison of statistical techniques, we expect that the strengths and weaknesses of each detailing technique can be represented, and the most appropriate statistical detailing technique can be advised for the relevant research.

• Spatial Information Research
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.467-478
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 서울지역에서 기온($^{\circ}C$) 및 강수(mm)의 시 공간 구조 분석 및 변화경향과 변이성을 도출하였다. 1997년 1월부터 2006년 12월까지의 기상청에서 제공하는 31개 자동기상관측망의 기온 및 강수자료를 이용하였으며, 미 관측지점의 값을 추정하기 위하여 거리자승역산가중 (IDSW: Inverse Distance Squared Weighing)을 적용하여 보간 하였다. 기온과 강수량의 변이성을 평가하기 위하여 연평균 및 더운 날과 추운 날의 빈도를 알아보았다. 그 결과 최고 기온 값은 1999년의 $32.80^{\circ}C$, 최저기온은 2001년의 $-19.94^{\circ}C$로 나타났다. 더운 날의 빈도가 가장 많았던 해는 79일을 기록한 2006년이며, 2004년과 2005년에도 비슷한 기록을 보였다. 추운날의 빈도가 가장 많았던 해는 105일을 기록한 2001년이다. 또한 기온과 강수량 모두 지난 10년 동안 기온이 약 $1.03^{\circ}C$, 강수량이 약 483.09mm 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 과거 10년 동안 기온변이의 경우 고도가 높은 산림지역과 고도가 낮은 주거지역에서 차이가 크게 나타난 반면, 강수량의 경우 지형 및 토지이용에 따른 변이성의 차이가 미미한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.1305-1316
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• 2013

A long-term wind resource map was made to provide the key design data for the 2.5 GW Korean West-South Offshore Wind Project, and its reliability was validated. A one-way dynamic downscaling of the MERRA reanalysis meteorological data of the Yeongwang-Gochang offshore was carried out using WindSim, a Computational Fluid Dynamics based wind resource mapping software, to establish a 33-year time series wind resource map of 100 m x 100 m spatial resolution and 1-hour interval temporal resolution from 1979 to 2012. The simulated wind resource map was validated by comparison with wind measurement data from the HeMOSU offshore meteorological tower, the Wangdeungdo Island meteorological tower, and the Gochang transmission tower on the nearby coastline, and the uncertainty due to long-term variability was analyzed. The long-term variability of the wind power was investigated in inter-annual, monthly, and daily units while the short-term variability was examined as the pattern of the coefficient of variation in hourly units. The results showed that the inter-annual variability had a maximum wind index variance of 22.3% while the short-term variability, i.e., the annual standard deviation of the hourly average wind power, was $0.041{\pm}0.001$, indicating steady variability.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.201-208
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• 2005

An accurate particle tracking method for a finite difference method model is developed using a constant acceleration method. Being assumed constant temporal and spatial gradients, the new method permits temporal-spatial variability of particle velocity. Test results in a solid rotating flow show that the new method has second-order accuracy. The performance of the new method is compared with that of other methods; the first-order Euler forward method, and the second-order Euler predictor-corrector method. The new method is the most efficient method among the three. It is more accurate and efficient than the other two.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.85-95
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• 2008

Temporal and spatial variabilities of chlorophyll a (Chl-a) in the northern East China Sea (ECS) are described, using both 8-day composite images of the SeaWiFS (Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor) and in-situ data investigated in August and September during 2000-2005. Ocean color imagery showed that Chl-a concentrations on the continental shelf within the 50 m depth in the ECS were above 10 times higher than those of the Kuroshio area throughout the year. Higher concentrations (above $5mg/m^3$) of yearly mean Chl-a were observed along the western part of the shelf near the coast of China. The standard deviation also showed the characteristics of the spatial variability near $122-124^{\circ}E$, where the western region of the East China Sea was grater than that of the eastern region. Particularly the significant concentration of Chl-a, up to $9mg/m^3$, was found at the western part of $125^{\circ}E$ in the in-situ data of 2002. The higher Chl-a concentrations of in-situ data were consistent with low salinity waters of below 30 psu. It means that there were the close relationship between the horizontal distribution of Chl-a and low salinity water.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.199-217
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• 2005

TOMS 월별 오존전량의 전구 자료를 이용하여, 두 기간(전기: 1979-1992년, 후기: 1997-2002년)에 대한 오존전량 추세 및 시공간 변동을 지역과 해륙 분포에 따라 상호 비교하였다. 전기에 비하여 후기의 오존전량이 0-20 N 일부 지역을 제외하고 전지구적으로 10 DU 정도 감소하였다. 오존전량의 추세는 전구적으로 전자기간에 감소(-6.30 DU/decade)를 나타냈다. 후자 기간의 오존 증가 경향은 열대 지역에서 현저하였다. 1997-2002년 기간의 오존전량에 대한 경험직교함수 분석은 준2년 진동(QBO), 준3년 진동(QTO), 엘니뇨(ENSO), 그리고 화산폭발과 관련된 시공간 변동을 반영하였다. 열대 지역에서 대류권 오존의 연직 분포는 동서방향에서 파수 1의 형태를 보였다. 본 연구는 기후 및 환경변화와 관련된 성층권과 대류권 오존 변화의 원인 규명에 도움을 줄 수 있다.

• 대기
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.85-96
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• 2006

The six-year (2000~2005) record of aerosol optical thickness (AOT or $\tau$) data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) was analyzed over the Northeast Asia. The MODIS AOT standard products (MOD04_L2) over both ocean and land were collected to evaluate the spatial and temporal variability of the atmospheric aerosols over the study region ($32^{\circ}N{\sim}42^{\circ}N$ and $115^{\circ}E{\sim}133^{\circ}E$). The monthly averaged AOT result revealed slight changes(${\pm}0.002{\tau}/month$), which was almost unchangeable, over Korea. In contrast, the large AOT values (> 0.6) and a significant AOT increase (> 0.004 ${\tau}/month$) over East China were observed. For the analysis of spatio-temporal variability of AOT values, study area was divided by six sectors (I: North-East China, II: East China, III: Yellow Sea, IV: Korea Peninsular, V: East Sea, and VI: South Sea and Western part of Japan). The considerable result showed that particularly high AOT contribution was observed over sector I (32.5%) and II (25.5%) where some major urban and industrialized areas and agricultural fields are located and other cases were observed 13.2%, 14.6%, 7.1%, 7.0% over sector III, IV, V, and VI, respectively. In addition, yearly AOT changes based on seasons are observed differently at each sector but increasing trends reveal in summer and fall over all sectors.

• 국토계획
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.68-79
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to propose a transit accessibility analysis method based on temporal variability of travel time. In this study, transit accessibility was defined in three levels (in transit route, spot and region unit) to present findings from different spatial scopes. Recently, Jeju special self-governing province reorganized bus system of the island. To compare transit accessibility before and after transit policy implementation, the reorganized bus system of Jeju special self-governing province was selected as a case study. This study used General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) data format as storage public transit information, and calculated travel time using ArcGIS GTFS networks analysis tools. In the analysis of individual transit route level, we found the 3 types of accessibility changes which is increments, no significant changes and reductions and these results come from transit route change (number of transfer, distance change) rather than changes of vehicle interval. We found increases of inflow and outflow speed in most target spots and overall transit accessibility has been substantially improved in Jeju island. This study implies that accounting for temporal variability of travel time in accessibility analysis can result in more useful and sophisticated accessibility information in decision-making processes.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.114-126
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• 2016

Many cohort studies have reported associations of individual-level long-term exposures to $PM_{10}$ and health outcomes. Individual exposures were often estimated by using exposure prediction models relying on $PM_{10}$ data measured at national regulatory monitoring sites. This study explored spatial and temporal characteristics of regulatory $PM_{10}$ measurement data in South Korea and suggested $PM_{10}$ concentration metrics as long-term exposures for assessing health effects in cohort studies. We obtained hourly $PM_{10}$ data from the National Institute of Environmental Research for 2001~2012 in South Korea. We investigated spatial distribution of monitoring sites using the density and proximity in each of the 16 metropolitan cities and provinces. The temporal characteristics of $PM_{10}$ measurement data were examined by annual/seasonal/diurnal patterns across urban background monitoring sites after excluding Asian dust days. For spatial characteristics of $PM_{10}$ measurement data, we computed coefficient of variation (CV) and coefficient of divergence (COD). Based on temporal and spatial investigation, we suggested preferred long-term metrics for cohort studies. In 2010, 294 urban background monitoring sites were located in South Korea with a site over an area of $415.0km^2$ and distant from another site by 31.0 km on average. Annual average $PM_{10}$ concentrations decreased by 19.8% from 2001 to 2012, and seasonal $PM_{10}$ patterns were consistent over study years with higher concentrations in spring and winter. Spatial variability was relatively small with 6~19% of CV and 21~46% of COD across 16 metropolitan cities and provinces in 2010. To maximize spatial coverage and reflect temporal and spatial distributions, our suggestion for $PM_{10}$ metrics representing long-term exposures was the average for one or multiple years after 2009. This study provides the knowledge of all available $PM_{10}$ data measured at national regulatory monitoring sites in South Korea and the insight of the plausible longterm exposure metric for cohort studies.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.87-101
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• 2014

Recently, more attention has been paid to the geomorphological changes in the Nakdong River Estuary, because those changes are caused by artificial activities including weirs, reclamation and construction. In order to analyze quantitatively the recent geomorphological variability in the Nakdong River Estuary, we surveyed the depth and elevation of submarine topography near Jinwoodo and Sinjado from March 2007 to February 2012. A statistical method (based on Digital Shoreline Analysis System) and an Empirical Orthogonal Functions method were used to evaluate the morphological changes. According to the statistical variables (DCE, NDC, EPR, LRR), the highest amount and rate of accumulation were recorded around the Gadeokdo whereas the greatest amount of erosion appeared around the coast off the eastern part of Sinjado. In particular, a dynamic variation of morphology was clearly observed in the vicinity of the sub-tidal channel located between Jinwoodo and Sinjado, which seems to be attributable to channel migration. As a result of the EOF method, the first mode (48.7%) is most closely related to the pattern of morphological variability that might be associated with the westerly movement of sediment by longshore current. The spatial variability of the second mode (16.6%) was high in the shoreface of Sinjado, showing a 4-year periodicity of temporal variability. The strong correlation (coefficient 0.73) between the time coefficient and suspended sediment discharge from Nakdong River emphasizes the role of sediment discharge to deposition in this area. The spatial variability of the third mode (11.3%) was distributed mainly around the coast off the eastern part of Sinjado, which is related to the movement of the coastline of Sinjado. Based on the last 5 year's data, our results suggest that the study area is characterized on the whole by a depositional pattern, but the extent of sedimentation is different locally.