• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 1999년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.61-62
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• 1999

오존은 낮동안 일출이 시작되면서 광화학반응을 통하여 생성되며, 또한 혼합층고도의 발달과 함께 강부에 존재하는 오존이 아래로 유입되어 지표부근 오존농도에 영향을 준다. 야간에는 오존농도가 점차 파괴되는데 역전층 상부의 오존농도는 오존의 저수지 역할을 하여 연직적인 오존농도 분포에 영향을 미친다. 따라서 서울시 오존의 생성 및 소멸에 관련된 정확한 원인을 밝히는 데에는 혼합층고도 및 역전층의 발달과정에 따른 오존농도의 연직분포를 고찰하여 오존농도의 거동을 시ㆍ공간적으로 파악할 필요가 있다.(중략)

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.204-208
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• 2000

벼 군락의 기온 연직구조에 관한 연구는 일반적으로 출수 이후 등숙기에 완전히 형성된 군락을 대상으로 한 것이므로 병해충 예찰모형의 구동 등 실용적으로 많이 요구되는 생육중기의 미형성 군락에 관한 정보를 보완하기 위해 이앙 후 한 달째부터 출수 직전까지 기온을 연속 측정하였다. 별도의 차광 혹은 환기장치가 불필요한 직경 0.003mm E형 미세선 열전대를 관개수면 위 l0cm부터 100cm까지 10cm 간격으로 10개를 설치하였으며, 비교를 위해 150cm 위치에 1개를 추가설치 하였다. 자료는 10초 간격으로 측정하고 그 10분 평균값을 취하였으며 분석은 한 시간 단위로 수행하였다. 맑은 날 자료에 의하면 일출 이후 초관부(최대엽면적 부위) 기온은 외기온과 거의 같은 비율로 상승하나, 그 아래쪽으로 갈수록 태양고도가 높아지기 전까지는 온도 상승이 상대적으로 지연된다. 오후에 태양고도가 낮아지기 시작해도 군락 외부와 초관부의 기온은 관측노장의 일 최고기온 발생시각까지 상승을 지속하나, 그 아래쪽 기온은 상승폭이 둔화되며 수면 부근에서는 외기온 상승폭의 10%에 그쳐 오후 내내 거의 일정한 온도를 유지한다. 외기온의 하강이 시작되면 위치와 무관하게 같은 비율로 냉각되나, 일몰 후에는 초관 하부의 냉각이 지연되면서 자정 무렵에는 상하 중립인 구조를 갖는다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.161-169
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• 2000

In this study, the temporal changes in the chemical characteristics of soil in a reclaimed coastal area, the Shihwa Industrial Complex in the West Coast in Kyung-Gi Province, and the correlations between chemical components were investigated to provide useful information needed for introducing vegetation in the area. The sites were filled with mountain forest soils from 1987 to 1996, and developed into various landuses such as neighbourhood parks, children's parks, buffer greens, pedestrian roads and others. The correlation analyses shoed that pH, organic matter(OM) and available P205 had not been closely related to other chemical parameters such as various cations electro-conductivity(EC) and cation exchange capacity(CEC): especially, pH showed a very low correlation with other factors. The EC turned out to have positive relationships with cations, especially with Na+ ions. There seemed to be fairly good correlations between cations except Ca++ ion. The relation between cations and OM was inconclusive possible because the OM contents in the soils were too low for the analysis. The OM seemed to increase slowly with time and the EC decreased slowly. The salinity and CEC in the original soils decreased rapidly possibly because of leaching. It is believed that there were some external disturbances such as rainfall which had affected the soil properties. The soils sampled in dry season showed a very high salinity. From this it is possible to assume that the rainfall would affect the sol properties significantly. So it is necessary to continue further studies to investigate the impacts of external disturbances such as rainfall on vertical soil profile and temporal variations as well as to delineate correlations between parameters with external disturbances controlled.

• 대기
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.423-433
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• 2017

The spatial and temporal variations in radiative forcing (RF) and mean temperature changes of greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as $CO_2$, $CH_4$, and $N_2O$, were analyzed at urban center (Yeon-dong) and background sites (Gosan) on Jeju Island during 2010~2015, based on a modeling approach (i.e., radiative transfer model). Overall, the RFs and mean temperature changes of $CO_2$ at Yeon-dong during most years (except for 2014) were estimated to be higher than those at Gosan. This might be possibly because of its higher concentrations at Yeon-dong due to relatively large energy consumption and small photosynthesis and also the difference in radiation flux due to the different input condition (e.g., local time and geographic coordinates of solar zenith angle) in the model. The annual mean RFs and temperature changes of $CO_2$ were highest in 2015 ($2.41Wm^{-2}$ and 1.76 K) at Yeon-dong and in 2013 ($2.22Wm^{-2}$ and 1.62 K) at Gosan (except for 2010 and 2011). The maximum monthly/seasonal mean RFs and temperature changes of $CO_2$ occurred in spring (Mar. and/or Apr.) or winter (Jan. and/or Feb.) at the two sites during the study period, whereas the minimum RFs and temperature changes in summer (Jun.-Aug.). In the case of $CH_4$ and $N_2O$, their impacts on the RF and mean temperature changes were very small (an order of magnitude lower) compared to $CO_2$. The spatio-temporal differences in these RF values of GHGs might primarily depend on the atmospheric profile (e.g., ozone profile), surface albedo, local time (or solar zenith angle), as well as their mass concentrations.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2009년도 제38회 동계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.475-475
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• 2010

We have generated Ar plasma in dense plasma focus device with coaxial electrodes for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography and investigated an emitted visible light for electro-optical plasma diagnostics. We have applied an input voltage 4.5 kV to the capacitor bank of 1.53 uF and the diode chamber has been filled with Ar gas of pressure 8 mTorr. The inner surface of the cylindrical cathode has been attatched by an acetal insulator. Also, the anode made of tin metal. If we assumed that the focused plasma regions satisfy the local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) conditions, the electron temperature and density of the coaxial plasma focus could be obtained by Stark broadening of optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The Lorentzian profile for emission lines of Ar I of 426.629 nm and Ar II of 487.99 nm were measured with a visible monochromator. And the electron density has been estimated by FWHM (Full Width Half Maximum) of its profile. To find the exact value of FWHM, we observed the instrument line broadening of the monochromator with a Hg-Ar reference lamp. The electron temperature has been calculated using the two relative electron density ratios of the Stark profiles. In case of electron density, it has been observed by the Stark broadening method. This experiment result shows the temporal behavior of the electron temperature and density characteristics for the focused plasma. The EUV emission signal whose wavelength is about 6 ~ 16 nm has been detected by using a photo-detector (AXUV-100 Zr/C, IRD). The result compared the electron temperature and density with the temporal EUV signal. The electron density and temperature were observed to be $10^{16}\;cm^{-3}$ and 20 ~ 30 eV, respectively.

• 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.244-252
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• 2014

후정해수욕장의 모래 이동을 분석하기 위해 경험고유함수(Empirical Orthogonal Function; EOF) 분석법을 적용하였다. EOF 분석을 위해 2009년 6월부터 2010년 5월까지 13개 기선에 대해서 총 5회 실시된 후정해수욕장의 단면 관측값이 사용되었다. 13개 단면 분석결과 사이의 시간적, 물리적 일관성을 확보하기 위해 13개 기선 모두를 하나로 통합하고 이를 사용해 EOF 분석을 수행하였다. 분석결과 첫 번째 고유함수는 평균해빈 지형을 나타내었으며 두 번째와 세 번째 고유함수의 경우 해빈의 자연변동성과 파랑에 의해 발생된 횡방향 모래이동을 각각 나타내었다. 네 번째와 다섯 번째 고유함수의 경우 특별한 연관성을 발견할 수 없었다. 결론적으로 후정해수욕장의 모래 이동에 영향을 미치는 요인은 크기 순으로 자연변동성과 파랑에 의한 횡방향 모래이동으로 분석 되었다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.564-569
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• 2013

Background Scalp defects may be caused by various etiological factors, and they represent a significant surgical and aesthetic concern. Various surgical techniques can be applied for reconstructive work such as primary closure, skin grafting, pedicled or free flaps. In this article, the authors share their clinical experience with scalp operations using the technique of local flaps and discuss the application of this method from the perspective of not only the size of the defect, but also in relation to the anatomical area, quality of surrounding tissue, and patient's condition. Methods During the period from December 2007 to December 2012, 13 patients with various scalp defects, aged 11 to 86 years, underwent reconstruction with local pedicle flaps. The indications were based on the patients' condition (age, sex, quality of surrounding tissue, and comorbidities) and wound parameters. Depending on the size of the defects, they were classified into three groups as follows: large, 20 to 50 $cm^2$; very large, 50 to 100 $cm^2$; extremely large, 100 $cm^2$. The location was defined as peripheral (frontal, temporal, occipital), central, or combined (more than one area). We performed reconstruction with 11 single transposition flaps and 1 bipedicle with a skin graft on the donor area, and 2 advancement flaps in 1 patient. Results In all of the patients, complete tissue coverage was achieved. The recovery was relatively quick, without hematoma, seroma, or infections. The flaps survived entirely. Conclusions Local flaps are widely used in scalp reconstruction since they provide healthy, stable, hair-bearing tissue and require a short healing time for the patients.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.17-26
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• 2005

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to identify influence that PNF method have an effect in function restoration of the impaired patients of central nervous system. Methods : The data were collected by 15 adult stroke patients. The treatment was based on proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques. Temporal and spatial parameters of gait were analysed for using the computerized GAITRite system. Results : In the comparison of functional ambulation profile(FAP) before and after experiment, the FAP was significantly increased in the PNF method. The gait velocity, cadence and single support time asymmetry ratio was significantly increased in the PNF method. The Motor Assessment Scale was significantly increased in the PNF method. Conclusions : Based on these results, it is concluded that the forced PNF method for 6 weeks can be improve the temporal-spatial gait parameters including FAP in hemiplegic patients. Therefore, the forced PNF method is useful to improve the function restoration in hemiplegic patients. Further study should be done to analyze the effects of intervention duration of treatment, optimal time to apply the treatment in more long peried.

• 한국생물정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물정보시스템생물학회 2005년도 BIOINFO 2005
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• pp.161-164
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• 2005

Data mining techniques can be applied to identify patterns of interest in the gene expression data. One goal in mining gene expression data is to determine how the expression of any particular gene might affect the expression of other genes. To find relationships between different genes, association rules have been applied to gene expression data set [1]. A notable limitation of association rule mining method is that only the association in a single profile experiment can be detected. It cannot be used to find rules across different condition profiles or different time point profile experiments. However, with the appearance of time-series microarray data, it became possible to analyze the temporal relationship between genes. In this paper, we analyze the time-series microarray gene expression data to extract the sequential patterns which are similar to the association rules between genes among different time points in the yeast cell cycle. The sequential patterns found in our work can catch the associations between different genes which express or repress at diverse time points. We have applied sequential pattern mining method to time-series microarray gene expression data and discovered a number of sequential patterns from two groups of genes (test, control) and more sequential patterns have been discovered from test group (same CO term group) than from the control group (different GO term group). This result can be a support for the potential of sequential patterns which is capable of catching the biologically meaningful association between genes.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제4권5호
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• pp.557-585
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• 2013

The recent huge earthquake ground motion records in Japan result in the reconsideration of seismic design forces for nuclear power stations from the view point of seismological research. In addition, the seismic design force should be defined also from the view point of structural engineering. In this paper it is shown that one of the occurrence mechanisms of such large acceleration in recent seismic records (recorded in or near massive structures and not free-field ground motions) is due to the interaction between a massive building and its surrounding soil which induces amplification of local mode in the surface soil. Furthermore on-site investigation after earthquakes in the nuclear power stations reveals some damages of soil around the building (cracks, settlement and sand boiling). The influence of plastic behavior of soil is investigated in the context of interaction between the structure and the surrounding soil. Moreover the amplification property of the surface soil is investigated from the seismic records of the Suruga-gulf earthquake in 2009 and the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake in 2011. Two methods are introduced for the analysis of the non-stationary process of ground motions. It is shown that the non-stationary Fourier spectra can detect the temporal change of frequency contents of ground motions and the displacement profile integrated from its acceleration profile is useful to evaluate the seismic behavior of the building and the surrounding soil.