• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.35-42
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to look into the question-What kind of factors, among various influencing factors of temple architecture, change the development of villages with their its relationships to the temple. For the study, the villages located around a temple site with special geographic characteristics were chosen. It was analyzed and generalized what kind of social factors were chosen and applied to the design of residential buildings in those villages. The characteristics of the buildings in the villages that have relationships with the temple appeared to be as follows; Financial factor of the temple, rather than religious influences of it, appeared to influence strongly over the forms of building and the spaces of village. The village which formed along a new entrance axis to the temple were transformed to have a spatial organization along with added sightseeing and commercial functions. The villages have different spatial structures depending on their land uses. In short, the form of entrance axis to the temple has changed the economical dependence of villages on the temple, and becomes the major factor of transforming the spatial organization of the villages.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.7-26
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• 2003

This article works on the development process of the Buddhist Temple with two pagodas in the Eastern Asia. in 7-8th centuries. This study was motivated from the observation that why there are many the Buddhist Temple having two pagodas only around the late 7th century, roughly around 670 A.D.. This period corresponds to the Silla Dynasty(in Korean History) and Hakuho Period(in Japan History) among the Eastern Asia while the composition of the temple being changed as Buddhism spreads out from China. The results of this study are the followings. The appearance of the Buddhist Temple having two pagodas was resulted from the representation of the Ideology in Botabpum(dogma of pagoda security) of the Saddharmapundarika Sutra, that is to say, two Buddhas sit side by side and iconography of Esoteric Buddhism dogma supports the spirit for defending one's country. Buddhist Temple having two pagodas in China had separate tab-won(areas with pagodas outer temple building block). Buddhist Temple having two pagodas in Korea had begun with sacheunwangsa temple in Unified-Silla. But it had two pagodas with inner temple area instead of outer. This was different from the composition of China. It can be related to the layout of the temple haying two pagodas in East-Jin(in China History) and the sculpture of two pagodas in Ungang-stonecave(in China). Thus the layout of the Buddhist Temple having two pagodas in Silla had been originated from that of China, but was developed to the main temple layout on her own accord. As Japanese Temple having two pagodas had been influenced diplomatically, it had two pagodas inner area as like the layout in Shilla. But later under the influence of Tang it was modified to the layout having them in separate area. And this influence can be seen for example Tangchojaesa temple. For the more, We call see that the diplomatic trends according to the policies in East asia affected to Buddhism and then naturally also to the layout of the Buddhist Temple.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.265-280
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• 2022

황룡사는 약 685년이라는 긴 시간 동안 법등이 이어진 대사찰이다. 1976년부터 1983년까지 이루어진 발굴조사에서 1탑 3금당식의 가람배치가 밝혀진 후 크게 네 차례에 걸쳐 창건부터 최종까지의 가람추정도가 제시된 바 있다. 그러나 지금까지 황룡사 가람구조에 대한 연구는 회랑내곽(佛地) 위주로 연구가 진행되어왔다. 사찰의 건립 이유를 생각한다면 금당지 등 중심건물지에 대한 연구가 먼저 이루어지는 것은 당연하겠지만 사찰 전체의 가람구조를 연구하기 위해서는 회랑외곽(僧地)에 대한 연구도 선행되어야 한다. 신라 사찰의 회랑내·외곽을 포함한 전체 가람구조를 파악하기 위해서는 신라시대 대표사찰인 황룡사를 빼놓을 수 없다. 현재까지 조사된 삼국시대 사찰은 회랑외곽에 대한 자료가 많지 않고 사역의 정확한 범위를 추정하기 어려운 경우가 많다. 이에 비해 황룡사는 사방으로 주변과의 경계인 담장이 축조된 것으로 확인되어 사역의 정확한 범위를 추정하는 것이 가능하다. 즉, 회랑내곽과 외곽, 회랑외곽과 사역외곽과의 공간을 비교적 명확하게 확인할 수 있어 사역 전체 가람 구조의 변화를 추정하기에 적합한 곳이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 황룡사 사역이 통일신라시대부터 고려시대까지 어떠한 변화를 거쳤는지 확인하고 전체 가람 구조의 변화과정을 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 황룡사 사역 남쪽으로의 확장을 확인할 수 있는 남문지의 건립시기와 사역 경계인 사방 담장의 축조시기와 변화과정을 검토하였다. 그 결과 회랑내곽의 가람변화와 함께 회랑외곽 역시 1~3차에 걸쳐 변화했을 가능성을 제시하였다. 또한, 황룡사의 전체 가람구조가 변화하게 된 계기는 단순히 사찰 규모의 변화만을 의미하는 것이 아니라 일찍부터 신라왕경의 중심지에 창건된 지리적 중요성과 함께 주변으로 도시유적이 들어서면서 사찰의 경관 역시 변화를 같이 한 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.71-81
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• 2007

This study focused on the one and only temple of on the coastline of the West Sea, Kimje's Manghae Temple and Mt. Jinbong. The purpose of this study was to research the unique sense of place of the area by researching the location and view that clearly shapes the identity of the landscape. The following are the results. 1. The cultural landscape of Manghae Temple and the natural landscape of Mt. Jinbong have characteristics which take in the coastline and skyline, respectively. Specifically, from the existential vertical-horizontal images of "sky - land - Mt. Jinbong" and "moon - cloud - sea", an ascending reflection of the landscape surroundings can be found. 2. The "Sea - Manghae temple - Mt. Jinbong - sky" is the representation of the moderate 'inside-space' which belongs to the particular landscape area and which also shows the topophilia to Manghae Temple. Through this kind of interpretation, the sense of place of Manghae Temple and Mt. Jinbong reveals an intra-structure of an Imaging Landscape implying harmony and moderation, which is a unified organization of the surrounding phenomena(Temple and Mountain) and the essence (the doctrine of Buddhism) that matches Jin-muk's asceticism and lifestyle. 3. While the cultural landscape of Manghae Temple has a strong religious reference, the natural landscape Mt. Jinbong emphasizes the geography of the landscape. In other words, the motivating factor of Manghae Temple is a metaphorical sense of place such as through the "prospect of the sea" or "the Western Sea Paradise" and Mt. Jinbong, the landmark of the Kimje-Mankyung Plains and the focal point of the West Sea sunset, is highlighted as a simile for this sense of place. 4. Keeping this sense of place and territory respectively and showing the. bond with the sense of place which develops rhythmically and continuously, Manghae Temple and Mt. Jinbong are sublimated into a unified intra-structure, which reflects the Imaging landscape characteristics of "Mt. Jinbong, a focal point of the Mankyung Plains facing the West Sea" and "Manghae Temple, looking out to sea".

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.691-699
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of temple food intake on health improvement. The survey was conducted from September to October 2013. The subjects in this study were 46 adults who participated in short-term 'Temple Stay' program. Every meal was prepared according to prearranged temple food menu, and it was provided to subjects for 4 weeks. Dietary intake, anthropometric measurements and biochemical parameter were measured and nutritional & health status were analyzed to find the effect of the program. Nutrients content of the temple food was sufficient to dietary reference intake while content of fat, fiber, vitamin A and calcium from the meal was significantly higher than the subjects' usual diet. Mean body weight, BMI and blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) related with obesity and hypertension decreased after the program. The index referring to liver function and cardiovascular disease risk such as serum ALT, ${\gamma}$-GTP, TG and LDL decreased while HDL increased thereby showing positive effect. The above results anticipate that temple foods with an affirmative effect in improving health status have a potential benefit that can be applied to general food service. Further detailed study might provide information in developing healthy diet for a corresponding clinical problem.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.240-253
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• 2016

본 연구는 사찰음식의 수요영향요인을 추정하고, 외식시장에서 세분화 마케팅 전략수립 위한 대안 마련을 목적으로 수행되었다. 본 연구의 대상은 템플스테이 참가한 대상으로 사찰음식에 대한 선택 투입된 독립변수들이 구매횟수 빈도에 미치는 영향력의 차이를 파악하였다. 본 연구의 목적을 도모하기 위하여 편의표본추출법으로 서울소재 템플스테이 4곳에 참가자 대상으로 2015년 8월 6일~20일까지 15일간 진행되었으며, 설문지는 자기기입식방법으로 총 300부의 설문지를 배포하여 이중 278부를 회수하였으며, 최종 232부(83%)를 연구 자료로 사용하였다. 수집된 자료를 분석하기 위해 적절한 모형설정으로 절단된 음이항 포아송 모형을 설정하였다. 사찰음식의 활성화와 저변확대를 위한 세분화 마케팅자료로 사찰음식에 대한 수요영향분석을 통하여 사찰음식에 대하여 인지하고 있다는 점, 그리고 40대이상의 연령층과 4천만 원 이상의 소득분포에서 수요영향이 높았고, 미혼 및 남성층이 높았으며, 종교에 따라 불교층에서 높았고, 크리스찬 집단이 무교집단보다 사찰음식 수요영향에서 높았다. 이에 맞는 다양한 인구통계특성에 따른 소비계층의 심층적인 세분화 마케팅의 홍보정책을 우선적으로 수립되어야 한다. 또한, 사찰음식이 건강음식이란 이미지를 살려, 향후 소비계층의 세분화로 마케팅에 적용하여 사찰음식의 저변확대에 적극적인 홍보와 활성화에 대한 노력이 요구된다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.95-116
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• 2011

It is a true fact that the ancient Buddhist temples of Korea were great, important historical influence revealing the transition and developing stages of all the BUddhist temples in Eastern Asia including China and Japan. Before Mahayana arose within India, the monastery and pagoda were united during the conflict and development of the original Buddhism and pagoda faith. With the arising of Mahayana and the introduction of Buddhist statues, the Buddhist temple and pagoda were in conflict and resulted in separation. With the creation and development of the Mahayana Bodhisattva concept, Hinayana and Mahayana started to show doctrine differences and expressed each others' characteristics relevant to the structure of the temple. As a result, the Buddhist Temple having 1 pagoda spread in China together with Hinayana and Mahayana. The Buddhist temple of Hinayana had its temple and pagoda separated and the Buddhist temple that has a pagoda in front was divided into a form of 1 pagoda and 1 main temple. The temple and pagoda for Mahayana in the form of 1 pagoda and 2 temple, where the main statue of the Buddha may be worshipped from both the left and right hand sides, were separated in the form of 1 pagoda and 3 temples to have its original form again. Mahayana was first introduced into Goguryeo through the routes in the northern region and developed from having 1 pagoda and 2 temples, to having 1 pagoda and 3 temples. China was influenced by the southern regions, which is why Abhidharma was introduced into Baekje. Later on, the importance of Bodhisattva increased and the transition speed of the Buddhist temple having 1 pagoda and 3 temples accelerated, as Buddhism became more popular and as Mahayana flourished. The statue of the Buddha on both sides of the pagoda shall gradually move next to the central temple, and the temple shall form large crowds to not only form a tacit boundary with the pagoda but the expansion of Bodhisattva shall also have a wall or a corridor constructed in between the central, left and right hand side temples to form separate areas, and shall have a pagoda built in front of the temples that worship from both sides. In conclusion, independence shall exist among each Bodhisattva within the Buddhist temple, and the status of the pagoda shall fall and appear as the pagoda on both sides in front of the main Buddha statue.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.31-41
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• 2020

전라남도의 선암사는 통일신라말에 창건된 이래 오늘날까지 호남의 대표적인 사찰로서 그 법통을 이어가고 있으나, 거듭되는 변화와 발전과정 속에서 전통사찰이 가지고 있어야 하는 경관적 정체성이 상당부분 훼손되었으며, 특히 일본양식이 도입되어 있어 경관의 원형상에 대한 회복이 시급한 상황이다. 실제로 선암사의 경우에는 한국전통사찰에서 나타나는 전통성있는 식재경관과는 상이하며, 정원요소들도 일본식에 가깝다고 할 수 있다. 이렇게 선암사의 원형경관이 변형된 원인 중 가장 중요한 것은 일제강점기에 일본인들에 의해 이루어진 변화와 1976년도에 있었던 조경사업으로 인한 변화라고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 경관적 변화를 파악하고, 일본식 정원요소와 작정기법이 어떻게 나타나고 있는지를 파악함으로써, 선암사의 경관적 정체성을 파악하는 것이 연구의 주 목적이다. 연구의 방법으로는 문헌조사, 현장조사, 스님과의 인터뷰를 통해 진행하였으며 그 결과, 선암사는 일본의 조경양식으로부터 상당한 영향을 받은 것이 파악되었으며, 이러한 요소를 감추려다 오히려 더 일본식 경관이 연출되었다는 것도 알 수 있었다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.338-350
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• 2015

Objectives: This study developed two weeks menu using temple foods, assessed preference for the menu among ordinary people, and determined the possibility of using temple foods to make out institutional food service menu. Methods: To make out the menu, 153 typical types of temple food were selected, under several conditions, thus including balanced food groups, natural foods in season, preparation time, preparation methods, and foods appropriated for institutional foodservice. Results: Developed menu contained 1905.8 kcal, had low fat content, high dietary fiber, vitamin, and mineral content, and good protein content in the nutritional respect, and fit protein requirements with low calorie content and high nutritional value. In the assessment of the food preference for 73 temple food items, most of the foods scored high (4 out of 5 points) for preference in general; therefore, the menu tended to be satisfied to the adults' preference. In particular, boiled rice (rice with chwi, rice with cirsium, rice with mushroom, rice with mushroom & vegetable and gimbap with tofu) and fried foods (fried shiitake with sweet & sour sauce and fried kelp) were highly preferred. Conclusions: The menu using temple foods can be a healthy choice for adults if it is well planned and managed. This study may be expected to provide basic data that would help developing menu to popularize temple foods. The above results could be applied at home as well as at foodservice institutes and furthermore could offer information for developing temple food products.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.41-55
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• 2005

Temple with Multi-Buddha's Pavilions is a temple consisting of more than 2 Buddha's Pavilions. Individual Buddha's Pavilions tend to form distinguished area, or to keep independent axis from other Buddha's Pavilions. This study is to understand the philosophy of layout of individual Buddha's Pavilions located in the Temple with Multi-Buddha's Pavilions. To investigate a relationship to layout of individual Buddha's Pavilions on the basis of Buddhism doctrine makes us to understand philosophies about temple layout which temple constructors had. Bulkooksa, a temple having several pavilions placed in parallel, integrates diverse philosophies such as Vairocana Buddha-Ksetra from Vairocana Buddha's Pavilion, Sakyamuni Buddha-Ksetra from both Sakyamuni Buddha's Pavilion and two stupa, and Amitayus Buddha-Ksetra (Sukhavati) from Amitayus Buddha-Ksetra Pavilion. Sakyamuni Buddha's Pavilion and Amitayus Buddha's Pavilion are placed east to west in parallel, and Vairocana Buddha's Pavilion is placed behind them. Beobjusa, a temple having several pavilions placed cross axis, combines three axes such as the first, main axis linking Kumkang Gate - Chunwang Gate - Palsang Pavilion - Amitayus Buddha's Pavilion - Sakyamuni Buddha's Pavilion, the second axis linking Palsang Pavilion -Maitreya Pavilion, and the third axis linking Amitayus Buddha's Pavilion - Avalokiteshvara Pavilion. Relationship among each Buddha's land is clearly expressed by means of this cross axis layout of Buddha's Pavilions, reflecting a philosophy of rebirth in Nirvana that Wonhyo and Eusang propagated. Buseoksa, a temple having several pavilions placed the before and the behind, combines three Buddha's lands such as Maitreya Buddha-Ksetra, Amitayus Buddha-Ksetra and Vairocana Buddha-Ksetra, by means of arrangement of Maitreya Pavilion, Anyang Pavilion and Amitayus Buddha's Pavilion at bended axis, and east facing Amitayus Buddha. By investigating the philosophy of Temple layout with Multi-Buddha's Pavilions in this study, Buddha's Land conception, for people, that ancient Korean temples have, is understood.