• 열처리공학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.190-198
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• 1994

In order to study the effect of retained austenite on rolling contact fatigue in high-carbon chromium bearing steel, retained austenite was controlled by only tempering temperature, individually 200, 220 and $240^{\circ}C$. Among various microstructural alteration during rolling contact fatigue test, plate-like carbide most related to the flaking at sub-surface of contact pressure. The plate-like carbides formed during rolling contact fatigue test decrease with increasing tempering temperature, and fatigue life is much more improved. The retained austenite was decreased with the tempering temperature, and that decreased plate-like carbide formation. Therefore fatigue life is much more improved with decreasing retained austenite.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권12호
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• pp.1690-1698
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• 2011

Feedlot and in vitro ruminal experiments were conducted to assess the effects of saponin-containing surfactant applied during tempering of barley grain on cattle growth performance and on ruminal fermentation. In the feedlot experiment, treatments with three barley grain/barley silage based diets were prepared using barley grain at 7.7% moisture (dry, D), after tempering to 18% moisture (M), or after tempering with a saponin-based surfactant included at 60 ml/t (MS). Each treatment was rolled at settings determined previously to yield optimally processed barley. A total of 180 newly weaned British${\times}$Charolais steers were fed three diets in 18 pens for a 63-d backgrounding period and 91-d finishing period to determine feed intake, growth rate and feed efficiency. Cattle were slaughtered at the end of the experiment to measure the carcass characteristics. Tempering reduced (p<0.001) volume weight and processing index, but processing characteristics were similar between MS and M. Tempering increased (p<0.05) growth during backgrounding only, compared with D, but did not affect feed intake in either phase. During backgrounding, feed efficiency was improved with tempering, but during finishing and overall this response was only observed with the surfactant. Tempering did not affect carcass weight, fat content or meat yield. Surfactant doubled the proportion of carcasses grading AAA. In the in vitro experiment, barley (500 mg; ground to <1.0 mm or steam-rolled) was incubated in buffered ruminal fluid (40 ml) without or with surfactant up to 20 ${\mu}l/g$ DM substrate for 24 h. Surfactant increased (p<0.05) apparent DM disappearance and starch digestibility but reduced productions of gas and the volatile fatty acid and acetate:propionate ratio, irrespective of barley particle size. Compared with feeding diets prepared with non-tempered barley, tempering with surfactant increased the feed efficiency of feedlot steers. This may have arisen from alteration in processing characteristics of barley grain by surfactant rather than its direct effect on rumen microbial fermentation.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.131-136
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• 2000

The effect of tempering temperature on the three point bending fatigue behavior of a P/M high speed steel JYPS-23 (1.28% C, 4.20% Cr, 6.40% W, 5.00% Mo, 3.10% V, bal. Fe) was investigated. The number of cycles to failure of the specimen austenitized at $1175^{\circ}C$ drastically increased with increasing tempering temperature. As tempering temperature increased from 500 to $620^{\circ}C$, the volume fraction and average size of carbides (MC or M6C) did not significantly changed, while hardness decreased drastically. The reduced hardness is due to the softening of matrix, which increased the resistance of the fatigue crack propagation. For a practical application, powder compacting test were also conducted with the P/M high speed steel punches tempered at 500, 580, and $620^{\circ}C$. The number of compacting cycles to failure of the punches also increased with increasing tempering temperature.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.338-344
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• 1999

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.96-99
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• 1975

쌀보리의 합리적인 제분 방법을 규명하고저 tempering 최적조건 부분 도정후의 제분성, 밀과의 혼합 제분성 등을 test mill 을 이용, stock stream 별로 검토해 본 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 쌀보리의 최적 tempering 조건으로서는 수분 13. 5%에서 48시간 일차 tempering 을 한 후 이어 제분 30분전 0. 5% 가수 처리하는 것이 가장 유리하였다. 2. tempering 전후 부분 도정을 실시하므로써, 회분 함량은 저하시킬 수 있었으나 수율이 크게 저하되고, 부분도정 후 제분이란 두 단계의 가공 과정이 필요하므로 비효율적이었다. 3. 쌀보리를 밀과 혼합하여 제분할 때, 쌀보리의 혼합비율은 $10{\sim}20%$가 합리적이며, 이때 사용되는 원료 밀은 연질보다 경질의 밀이 더욱 유리하였다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.104-110
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• 1998

In automotive industries, various processes for the cost reduction have been investigated lively. As one of them, powder metallurgy becomes influential. Compared to other methods used for he manufacture of steel components the Powder metallurgy process is competitive primarily due to the small number of production steps to reach the final geometry and thereby also the energy-efficiency. In this paper, to alter present forging process into powder metallurgy process by which the automotive clutch disc spline hub is manufactured machining process, the mechanical properties of sintered materials is investigated by specimen test. Selecting the 3 kinds of materials-SMF 4040, SMF 9060 and DHP-1, their properties according to heat treatment such as carburizing -tempering and plasma-nitrodizing are compared. By result of specimen test - tensile test, compression ring test, Impacting test, measurment of hardness, and microstructure analysis - we concluded that SMF 9060 and carburizing-tempering heat treatment is an optimal material and heat treatment method for the spline hub. It will be able to reduce manufacturing cost and weight.

• 한국공작기계학회논문집
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.24-29
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• 2005

Optimal heat treatment process in martensitic stainless steel such as SUS416 is investigated. The approach is based on the combination of the interpolation and extrapolation method of a standard heat treatment technology with the principle of quenching and tempering temperature difference. The relationship of the macroscopic structure, fracture toughness and ductility as well as the hardness and strength are considered to induce a simple rule to apply with feasibility. Consequently, Optimal heat treatment condition in martensitic stainless steel is proposed and is shown the better quality. It was found that the smaller pain size of microstructure gives the enhanced fracture toughness and ductility.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.315-323
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• 1998

This study has been conducted to develope the combined heat treating technique of gas carburising - gas nitriding and gas carburising to improve the hot working performance of type H3 hot work tool steel. Case depth and carbrides coarsening were increased with increasing carburising temperature and time, respectively. Surface hardness showed decreasing tendency with increasing 2nd tempering temperature after carburising treatment. After carburising, 2nd treatment at 500 to 600 was chosen according to a hardness demand of final product. High temperature tempering resistance showed more excellent quality during such carburising-nitriding or carburising than complex treatment as after conventional hardening.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 유정용 강관의 열처리 조건 및 합금원소(B, Ti)에 따른 미세조직 및 기계적 성질을 조사하였다. 실험에는 J55, J55+B,Ti 강재를 사용하였고, 열처리 조건은 각각 오스테나이트 처리온도 ($880^{\circ}C$, $910^{\circ}C$, $940^{\circ}C$), 냉각방식 (수냉, 유냉), 템퍼링 온도 (미실시, $550^{\circ}C$, $650^{\circ}C$) 이다. 열처리 조건에 따라 얻어지는 미세조직을 예측하기 위해 J55, J55+B,Ti 강재의 화학적 성분을 기준으로 평형상태도와 CCT 곡선을 예측하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과 평형상태도는 A1, A3 온도가 약 $20^{\circ}C$ 감소하였고, CCT 곡선은 B, Ti이 첨가됨에 따라 ferrite와 bainite nose 부분이 오른쪽으로 이동하였다. J55, J55+B,Ti 강재의 CCT 곡선을 기준으로 냉각속도에 따른 martensite, bainite, ferrite등 예상되는 미세조직을 예측하였고, J55 강재의 미세조직 예측값은 실제 실험값과 유사한 양상을 나타내었지만. J55+B,Ti 강재의 예측값은 실제 실험값과는 차이가 있었다. 열처리 조건이 변화됨에 따라 martensite, bainite, ferrite 등 다양한 조직이 생성되었으며, 이는 경도, 강도 및 연신율에 밀접한 영향을 미쳤다. J55시편의 수냉의 경우 martensite 조직이 형성되었고, 유냉의 경우 bainite와 ferrite 조직이 형성되었지만, J55+B,Ti시편은 B의 첨가에 의한 경화능 향상으로 냉각방식에 관계없이 martensite 조직이 형성되었다. 전반적으로 B, Ti을 첨가하면서 기계적 성질은 향상되었고, quenching 이후의 시편보다 tempering 이후의 시편에서 크게 향상되었다. 이는 Ti의 첨가로 인해 생성된 미세한 석출물이 재결정시 결정립 성장을 억제하여 미세한 오스테나이트 결정립을 생성하였고, tempering 열처리 이후에도 결정립 미세화 효과가 큰 영향을 미친 것으로 판단된다.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.159-164
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• 1997

Non-alloyed and 1.0%Ni alloyed ductile cast iron were cast into the sand mold and metal mold, and finer graphite size was obtained in case of metal mold casting. Direct tempering after casting showed the slight increase of absorbed energy, which is largely due to the relieving of residual stress that is developed during casting. After austempering heat treatment, higher impact energy was obtained in case of metal mold casting than sand mold casting, which is due to the finer graphite size.