• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.1330-1333
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• 2004

The methodology for modeling building energy consumption is well established for energy saving calculation in the temperate zone both for performance-based energy retrofitting contracts and measurement and verification (M&V) projects. Mostly, statistical regression models based on utility bills and outdoor dry-bulb temperature have been applied to baseline monthly and annual whole building energy use. This paper presents the application of neural networks (NN) to model landlord energy consumption of commercial buildings in Singapore. Firstly, a brief background information on NN and its application on the building energy research is provided. Secondly, five commercial buildings with various characteristics were selected for case studies. Monthly mean outdoor dry-bulb temperature ($T_0$), Relative Humidity (RH) and Global Solar Radiation (GSR) are used as network inputs and the landlord monthly energy consumption of the same period is the output. Up to three years monthly data are taken as training data. A forecast has been made for another year for all the five buildings. The performance of the NN analysis was evaluated using coefficient of variance (CV). The results show that NNs is powerful at predicting annual landlord energy consumption with high accuracy.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.232-239
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• 2019

This study was carried out to establish an efficient selection condition for cold-tolerant individuals among evergreen Quercus spp. To select higher cold-tolerant individuals among four species of evergreen Quercus spp. (Q. acuta, Q. glauca, Q. myrsinaefoila, and Q. salicina), an-year-old seedlings of each species were exposed to low temperature in serial, and then examined for the death of cell tissue and the surface temperature was monitored. It was shown that the higher numbers of seedlings of Q. myrsinaefolia were survived than the others when those seedlings are exposed to cold stress. Thus, selection of the cold tolerant individuals was conducted on Q. myrsinaefolia seedlings. The limit low temperature condition for selecting cold-tolerant individuals was -6℃ for 24 hrs because no seedling of Q. myrsinaefolia was survived after exposed to -7℃ for 24 hours. It was shown that the leaf surface temperature of the selected individuals was higher than those of the non-selected individuals when they were exposed to cold-stress while monitoring them using thermal graphic camera. The results in this study can be used for expanding afforestation area of tree species of the warm temperate zone for preparation of climate change.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.15-19
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• 1982

Fifty two infants and young children hospitalized in the pediatric department of Hanyang University Hospital with acute gastroenteritis from February through April 1982 were examined for the evidence of infection with rotavirus by electron microscopic technique and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Of 52 patients examined, rotaviruses were detected in stools of 11 patients(21%) by EM technique and 16 patients(31%) by ELISA. But there was no significant statistical difference between the two methods(Z=1.2<2). During the study period, rotaviruses were detected in stools of 6(38%) of 16 patients in February, 10(30%) of 33 patients in March, and none of 3 patients in April. The age of the 16 patients who shed the rotaviruses in their stools ranged from 3 months to 6 years, and 12 patients(75%) were between 6 and 24 months. Our study suggests that the rotaviral gastroenteritis of infants and young children in Korea might have similar frequency, seasonal variation, and age distribution with other countries in temperate zone.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.468-473
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• 2007

White rot fungi, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Phanerochaete sordida, have been mostly studied in a variety of industrial processes like biopulping and pulp bleaching as well as in bioremediation. Whereas P. sordida is widely distributed in the North Temperate Zone, P. chrysosporium is reported in the restricted area and hundreds of reports have been described from a few strains of P. chrysosporium, which are deposited at various fungal collections in the world. The isolates of two species are not easily discriminated because of their morphological and molecular similarity. Through the ITS sequence analyses, a region containing substantial genetic variation between the two species was identified. PCR amplification using two specific primers was successfully used to differentiate P. chrysosporium from P. sordida. These results were supported by cultural studies. The growth rates at $37^{\circ}C$ on PDA, MEA, and Cza and the microscopic features of conidia on PDA and YMA were also very useful to differentiate those two species.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.160-166
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• 2009

We estimated site productivity for unstocked land based on the relationship between site index (i.e., average height of dominant trees at fixed age) and soil physico-chemical properties of Pinus densiflora stands. Site index relates to a direct method of determining a tree's response to a specific environment such as forest soil and climate conditions. We selected 78 sites in 22 P. densiflora stands of central temperate forest zone, and sampled soils for physicochemical analyzing. And 13 properties of soils were statistically treated by stepwise regression. In the degree of contribution of the variables to site index, the highly effective variables in A horizon were OM, clay content, sand content, available $P_2O_5$, and Exch. $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ inorder, and in B horizon T.N., O.M., Soil pH, cation exchange capacity(C.E.C.), and sand content in order. In both A and B horizon of the soil for P. densiflora stands, the variables commonly contributed to the site index were sand content and OM. These results may be useful to provide not only important criteria for establishment of Pinus densiflora stand sespecially in unstocked land but also aguidance for reforestation.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.1149-1156
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• 2002

The ecological characteristics of Dolbae trees, a valuable genetic resource for native pyrus fruit trees, were investigated at four naturally inhabited areas on Mount Kaya, Gyeongsangnam-Do. Most Dolbae trees were found on the southwest side of an old hiking path to a mountain valley at altitudes of 610∼670 m. The surrounding flora consisted of 46 families, 69 genera, 75 species, and 10 varieties. The natural habitat of the Dolbae trees was basically a deciduous broad-leaved forest with a predominance of Quercus serrata and ligneous plants(xylophytes) from the Fagaceae and Betulaceae families. The habitat was also found to be in a second transition resulting from forest disturbance and exhibited a degree of diversity of 2.901-5.065, based on Shannon-Weiner's index. Examination of the Dolbae trees found in Mount Kaya revealed diameter breast heights(DBHs) ranging from 10 to 60 cm, including six old and large Dolbae trees with a DBH of 50∼60 cm, which will be particularly valuable as a genetic resource. Accordingly, the current results suggest that the study areas are a secondary forest in a typical mid-temperate zone resulting from forest damage about 10 years earlier.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.70-78
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• 2012

For evaluating the printing suitability of electronic copying papers in the aspect of climate conditions, 12 samples of copying papers being generally used in Korea and worldwide were collected. The copying papers were controlled by various temperature and humidity options in conditioning equipment in order to simulate the specific circumstances of dry, temperate or tropical climate, and the pre-heating system of photocopying machines during printing. As results, some copying papers showed several physical problems, especially in recycled copying papers and a normal paper with original printing faulty. These problems of copying papers were mostly resulted in extremely high moisture circumstance, and in lower levels of tensile strength and tensile stiffness. The moisture contents of copying papers during passing through the pre-heater system of photocopying machine could be rapidly decreased because paper is exposed to high temperature around the pre-heating zone. The copying paper, for example of XR3 sample, containing low moisture contents below 2% had high exfoliating possibility of toner transfer from copying paper.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 1968

Japanese encephalitis(JE) shows its explosive epidemicity in the temperate zone of Asia but little is known on the overwintering mechanism. One of the hypotheses on the overwintering mechanism is that the virus overwinters in the hibernating animals. There has been no report on the proliferation of JE virus(JEV) or antibody formation in the snakes. The purpose of this experiment is to explore the mutual relationship between JEV and snake and to clarify whether JEV proliferates and induce antibody formation in snakes. Three species of non-poisonous common snakes were employed. Precipitation test was carried out after injecting calf serum and, HI and neutralization tests were done by injecting JEV into the snakes. The gamma globulin fraction of pre- and post-injection serum were compared by paper chromatography. According to the results, precipitating antibody reaction to calf serum could be observed only at $4^{\circ}C$. It was failed to demonstrate HI antibody formation but neutralizing antibody could be detected in one of the 9 snakes. Although antibody could not be detected in test-tube, tile result of paper chromatography shows the remarkable increase of gamma globulin fraction after the injection. Above results are strongly indicating the antibody formation in the snakes.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.1 no.1 s.1
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• pp.12-26
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• 1992

Ilsan peat-bed site, newly constructed city area, is located at the northern part of Seoul. This site is situated near the mouth of Han river, which flows through central Korea. Many fossil woods were excavated from this site, and surveyed the wood anatomical features. Totally 90 specimens were identified into 10 species including two roots and five barks which were not identified in detail. Alnus japonica and A. maxmowiczii are the most common and occupied 26. 7%, 34.4% of the total specimen number respectively, and then other species which excavated from Ilsan area are follows : Fraxinus rhynchophylla(18.9%), Lepido-balanus spp.(3.3%), Maackia amurensis(2.2%), Diospyros spp.(2.2%), Juglans mandshrica(1.1%), Prunophora spp.(1.1%), Malus or Pyrus spp.(1.1%), Rhamnus spp.(1.1%). Among the identified species there are fairly some species growing in the central - or northern temperate zone, such as A. maxmowiczii, F. rhynchophylla, Lepidobalanus spp., M. amurnsis, J. mandshurica, Rhumnus spp. Therefore, it can be estimated that the former temperature of Ilsan area was same or slightly cold than today. The species bearing fruit for food as .J, mandshunca, Diospyros spp., Prunophora spp., Mulus or Pyrus spp. were regarded as artificially planting trees, because they do not grow together in the same site.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.164-169
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• 2004

A spatial interpolation scheme incorporating local geographic potential for cold air accumulation (TOPSIM) was used to test the feasibility of operational frost warning in Chatancheon basin in Yeoncheon County, where the introduction of new crops including temperate zone fruits is planned. Air temperature from April to June 2003 was measured at one-minute intervals at four locations within the basin. Cold-air accumulation potentials (CAP) at 4 sites were calculated for 3 different catchment scales: a rectangular area of 65 x 55 km which covers the whole county, the KOWACO (Korea Water Corporation) hydrologic unit which includes all 4 sites, and the sub-basins delineated by a stream network analysis of the digital elevation model. Daily minimum temperatures at 4 sites were calculated by interpolating the perfect prognosis (i.e., synoptic observations at KMA Dongducheon station) based on TOPSIM with 3 different CAPs. Mean error, mean absolute error, and root mean square error were calculated for 45 days with no precipitation to test the model performance. For the 3 flat locations, little difference was detected in model performance among 3 catchment areas, but the best performance was found with the CAPs calculated for sub-basins at one site (Oksan) on complex terrain. When TOPSIM loaded with sub-basin CAPs was applied to Oksan to predict frost events during the fruit flowering period in 2004, the goodness of fit was sufficient for making an operational frost warning system for mountainous areas.