• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of green manure crops and cattle slurry application on rice productivity and nutrient movement in paddy land. Cropping systems used in this study were consisted of five designs, such as mono-cropping rice applied with standard fertilizer (MRS), double-cropping whole crop barley following rice applied with cattle slurry (DWBRC), double-cropping whole crop rye following rice applied with cattle slurry (DWRRC), mono-cropping rice applied with following milk vetch (MRMV) and mono-cropping rice applied with following hairy vetch (MRHV). The field experiments were conducted on the clay loam at Backsanmyun, Kimje, Chunlabukdo province in Korea for three years (May 2006 to Apr. 2009). This study was arranged in completely randomized design with three replicates. Culm and panicle length of rice were higher in MRS than other treatments. Ripened grain ratio was higher in MRS than other treatments. Yield of Grain showed high in MRS, DWBRC and DWRRC than MRMV and MRHV. The yield of dry matter (DM) of whole crop barley in DWBRC increased significantly as compared with that of rye in DWRRC. The pH, and contents of T-N, $P_2O_5$ and organic matter (OM) and exchangeable cation (Ca, Na, Mg and K) in soil samples collected at the end of the experiment were remarkably higher than those at the beginning of the experiment. The concentrations of $NO_3$-N, $NH_4$-N and $PO_4$ in discharge water in DWBRC and DWRRC were higher than MRS.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.828-832
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• 2013

To report country-specific carbon and nitrogen stocks data in a pear orchard by Tier 3 approach of 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, an experimental pear orchard field of the Pear Research Station, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Naju, Korea ($35^{\circ}01^{\prime}27.70N$, $126^{\circ}44^{\prime}53.50^{\prime\prime}E$, 6 m altitude), where 15-year-old 'Niitaka' pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai cv. Niitaka) trees were planted at a $5.0m{\times}3.0m$ spacing on a Tatura trellis system, was chosen to assess the total amount of carbon and nitrogen stocks stored in the trees and orchard soil profiles. At the sampling time (August 2012), three trees were uprooted, and separated into six fractions: trunk, main branches, lateral branches (including shoots), leaves, fruits, and roots. Soil samples were collected from 0 to 0.6 m depth at 0.1 m intervals at 0.5 m from the trunk. Dry mass per tree was 4.7 kg for trunk, 13.3 kg for main branches, 13.9 kg for lateral branches, 3.7 kg for leaves, 6.7 kg for fruits, and 14.1 kg for roots. Amounts of C and N per tree were respectively 2.3 and 0.02 kg for trunk, 6.4 and 0.07 kg for main branches, 6.4 and 0.09 kg for lateral branches, 6.5 and 0.07 kg for roots, 1.7 and 0.07 kg for leaves, and 3.2 and 0.03 kg for fruits. Carbon and nitrogen stocks stored between the soil surface and a depth of 60 cm were 138.29 and $13.31Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, respectively, while those contained in pear trees were 17.66 and $0.23Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ based on a tree density of 667 $trees{\cdot}ha^{-1}$. Overall, carbon and nitrogen stocks per hectare stored in a pear orchard were 155.95 and 13.54 Mg, respectively.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.344-360
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• 2017

Zoysiagrasses are important turf plants used for school playgrounds, parks, golf courses, and sports fields. The two most popular zoysiagrass species are Zoysia japonica and Zoysia sinica. These are widely distributed across different growing zones and are morphologically distinguishable from each other; however, it is phenotypically difficult to differentiate those that grow along the coastal line from those in beach area habitats. A combination of morphological and molecular approaches is desirable to efficiently identify these two plant cultivars. In this study, we used a rapid identification system based on DNA barcoding of the nrDNA-internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. The nrDNA-ITS regions of ITS1, 5.8S nrDNA, and ITS2 from Z. japonica, Z. sinica, Agrostis stolonifera, and Poa pratensis were DNA barcoded to classify these grasses according to their molecular identities. The nrDNA-ITS sequences of these species were found at 686 bp, 687 bp, 683 bp, and 681 bp, respectively. The size of ITS1 ranged from 248 to 249 bp, while ITS2 ranged from 270 to 274 bp. The 5.8S coding region ranged from 163 - 164bp. Between Z. japonica and Z. sinica, nineteen (2.8%) nucleotide sites were variable, and the G+C content of the ITS region ranged from 55.4 to 63.3%. Substitutions and insert/deletion (indel) sites in the nrDNA-ITS sequence of Z. japonica and Z. sinica were converted to cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers, and applied to the Zoysia grasses sampled to verify the presence of these markers. Among the 62 control and collected grass samples, we classified three groups: 36 Z. japonica, 22 Z. sinica, and 4 Z. japonica/Z. sinica hybrids. Morphological classification revealed only two groups; Z. japonica and Z. sinica. Our results suggest that used of the nrDNA-ITS barcode region and CAPS markers can be used to distinguish between Z. japonica and Z. sinica at the species level.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.3 s.91
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• pp.222-229
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• 2000

Spatial and temporal variation of phosphorus in response to intensity of summer monsoon was evaluated in Taechung Reservoir during 1993${\sim}$1994. Total phosphorus (TP) averaged 31 ${\mu}$g/l during the study and varied from 6 to 197 ${\mu}$g/l. Concentrations of TP were highest in the headwaters during the monsoon of July${\sim}$August 1993, and these values were mainly made of particulate P and were closely associated (R$^{2}$=0.74, p<0.001) with high inorganic suspended solids (NVSS). In-lake TP in the headwaters was mainly influenced by the watershed runoff and declined toward the dam. Values of TP downlake was only one-fifth of the peak in the headwaters and had no correlation with NVSS. In 1994, inlake TP was markedly lower relative to 1993 and showed low spatial and temporal variation. Maximum TP during monsoon 1994 in the headwaters and mid-lake was 72% and 52% lower, respectively, than in those two zones in 1993 whereas TP downlake was similar between the two years. These results suggest that temporal variation downlake is much less influenced by seasonal inflow compared to the haedwaters. In 1993, mean TP before fall overturn, based on average value for all sites, was significantly (t=5.99, p<0.001) greater than the mean after fall overturn, whereas in 1994 mean TP after fall overturn (32 ${\mu}$g/l) was greater. This outcome indicates that in 1993 major P-input originated from the external source from the watershed during the intense monsoon, whereas in 1994 internal processes dominated during the weak monsoon. Overall data suggest that annual budget of inlake P is regulated by intensity of the summer monsoon, and phosphorus data measured at single site near the dam or headwater zone may not be represent seasonal trends of the system due to large spatial variation of Taechung Reservoir.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 2012

This study was conducted to give basic information of the animal manure management by manure units determination for recycling farming in Cheorwon-gun. Manure units (MU) are used in the permitting, registration, and the environmental process because they allow equal standards for all animals based on manure nutrient production. An MU is calculated by multiplying the number of animals by manure unit factor for the specific type of animal. The manure unit factor for MU determination was determined by dividing amounts of manure N produced 80 kg N/year. Conversion to manure units is a procedure used to determine nutrient pollution equivalents among the different animal types. In this study, the manure unit factor based on nitrogen in Hanwoo, dairy cow, pig were 0.36, 0.8 0.105, respectively. The analysis of manure unit per ha shows that the N loading by MU is quite different by region. The nitrogen loading of manure unit (MU) per ha of cultivated land was the highest in the Galmal-eup on province with 2.4 MU/ha, which is higher than the appropriate level. The Seo-myeon province came next with 1.92 MU/ha. To be utilized as a valid program to build the recycling farming system, diverse measures shall be mapped out to properly determine manure units, evaluate N-loading and to properly manage their nutrient balance of each region.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.163-170
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate greenhouse gas (GHG), $CH_4$ and $N_2O$, emission from liquid swine manure according to aeration levels in summer. To evaluate the influence of operation methods on GHG emissions, liquid swine manure were applied with different rates of aeration (store without aeration, $1m^3/ton/h$, $2.5m^3/ton/h$, and $5m^3/ton/h$). Following are the results of this study. The liquid swine manure applied no aeration, $1m^3/ton/h$, $2.5m^3/ton/h$, and $5m^3/ton/h$ aeration rates released 315.6, 13.9, 17.9 and $9.6{\mu}g/m^2/s$ of $CH_4$ and 0.173, 0.157, 0.131, and $0.241{\mu}g/m^2/s$ of $N_2O$, respectively. Liquid swine manure applied no aeration released the most amount of GHG ($6,681.4{\mu}g/m^2/s$ $CO_2$-Eq.) and followed by $5m^3/ton/h$ ($276.4{\mu}g/m^2/s$ $CO_2$-Eq.), $2.5m^3/ton/h$ ($416.0{\mu}g/m^2/s$ $CO_2$-Eq.), and $1m^3/ton/h$ ($340.8{\mu}g/m^2/s$ $CO_2$-Eq.). Our results reveal that the aerated system may reduce GHG emissions compared to no aeration. Consequently, aeration and mixing were effective at reducing GHG emissions during liquid swine manure storage.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.151-161
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• 1986

In order to develop sensitive and sepcific assay methods for E. coli heat labile enterotoxin(LT) hybridoma cell lines secreting LT specific monoclonal antibody were obtained. LT was purified from cell lysate of E. coli O15H11. The steps included disruption of bacteria by French pressure, DEAE Sephacel ion exchange chromatography, Sephadex G200 gel filtration, and second DEAE Sephacel ion exchange chromatography, successively. Spleen cells from Balb/c mice immunized with the purified LT and $HGPRT^{(-)}$ plasmacytomas, $P3{\times}63Ag8.V653$ were mixed and fused by 50% (w/v) PEG. Hybrid cells were grown in 308 wells out of 360 wells, and 13 wells out of them secreted antibodies reacting to LT. Among these hybridoma cell 1G8-1D1 cell line was selected since it had produced high-titered monoclonal antibody continuously. By using culture supernatant and ascites from 1G8-1D1 cells the monoclonal antibody was characterized, and an assay system for detecting enterotoxigenic E. coli was established by double sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The following results were obtained. 1. Antibody titers of culture supernatant and ascites from 1G8-1D1 hybridoma cells were 512, and 102, 400, respectively by GM1-ELISA and its immunoglobulin class was IgM. 2. The maximum absorption ratio of 1G8-1D1 cell culture supernatant to LT was 90% at $300\;{\mu}g/ml$ of LT concentration. LT concentration shown at 50% absorption ratio was $103.45{\mu}g$ and the absorption ratio was decreased with tile reduction of LT concentration. This result suggests that monoclonal antibody from 1G8-1D1 hybridoma cell bound with LT specifically. 3. The reactivities of 1G8-1D1 cell culture supernatant to LT and V. cholerae enterotoxin(CT) were 0.886 and 0.142(O.D. at 492nm) measured by the GM1-ELISA, indicating 1G8-1D1 monoclonal antibody reacted specifically with LT but not with CT. 4. The addition of 0.1ml of ascites to 0.6mg and 0.12mg of LT decreased the vascular permeability factor to 41% and 44% respectively, but it did not completely neutralize LT. 5. By double sandwich ELISA using monoclonal antibody, as little as 75ng of the purified LT per ml could be detected. 6. The results by assay of detecting LT in culture supernatants of 14 wild strains E. coli isolated from diarrhea patients by the double sandwich ELISA were almost the same level as those by reverse passive latex agglutination.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.122-126
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• 2007

Expenditure on meat and meat products has been increased in Korea due to the increase of income and the change of diet. From raising farm animals to eating the meat, various hazardous elements can make their ways into the meat and meat products. Recently the issues on food safety and hygiene are drawing a lot of attention, and the current system for managing the safety of foods is still needed to be improved. This survey was aimed to monitor the current situation of country-of-origin labels and hygiene for the meat markets at 4 regions Korea. The survey was performed by collecting samples from whole- sale and retail stores in the nation, which were selling beef. The markets were divided into groups as to territory and the size of the market (Large size, Medium size, and Small size). In terms of size distribution, small butcher shops occupied the highest percentage. On the itemized suitability test of unpacked and packed beef, all the market of 4 regions showed good agreements. However, such labels indicating the methods of cooking and storage were not properly posted on the products. Especially for Ho-nam region, corrections are needed. The results of monitoring sanitation conditions for the butcher shops at 4 regions in Korea showed relatively low suitability. Especially, there were serious lack of knowledge about wearing the sanitation clothing, caps, and shoes. The problem with food safety is so complicated that producer, consumer, food manufacturer, the press, the government, and scholar should solve altogether. It is necessary to educate farmers, food handlers, consumers, etc. and provide them with an accurate information and knowledge.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.11-23
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• 2003

A study on the electrolytic dissolution of SUS-304 and Inconel-600 specimen was carried out in neutral salt electrolyte to evaluate the applicability of electrochemical decontamination process for recycle or self disposal with authorization of large amount of metallic wastes contaminated with uranium compounds generated by dismantling a retired uranium conversion plant in Korea. Although the best electrolytic dissolution performance for the specimens was observed in a Na2s04 electrolyte, a NaNO$_3$ neutral salt electrolyte, in which about 30% for SUS-304 and the same for Inconel-600 in the weight loss was shown in comparison with that in a Na$_2$SO$_4$ solution, was selected as an electrolyte for the electrochemical decontamination of metallic wastes with the consideration on the surface of system components contacted with nitric acid and the compatibility with lagoon wastes generated during the facility operation. The effects of current density, electrolytic dissolution time, and concentration of NaNO$_3$ on the electrolytic dissolution of the specimens were investigated. On the basis of the results obtained through the basic inactive experiments, electrochemical decontamination tests using the specimens contaminated with uranium compounds such as UO$_2$, AUC (ammonium uranyl carbonate) and ADU (ammonium diuranate) taken from an uranium conversion facility were performed in 1M NaNO$_3$ solution with the current density or In mA/$\textrm{cm}^2$. it was verified that the electrochemical decontamination of the metallic wastes contaminated uranium compounds was quite successful in a NaNO$_3$ neutral salt electrolyte by reducing $\alpha$ and $\beta$ radioactivities below the level of self disposal within 10 minutes regardless of the type of contaminants and the degree of contamination.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.123-131
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• 2015

Bright development of information communication is caused by usabilities and another case to our society. That is, the surveillance which is unlimited to electronic equipment is becoming a transfiguration to a possible society, and there is case that was able to lay in another disasters if manage early error. Be what is living on at traps of surveillance through the Smart phones which a door of domicile is built, and the plane western part chaps, and we who live on in these societies are installed to several places, and closed-circuit cameras (CCTV-Closed Circuit Television) and individual use. On one hand, while the asset value which was special of enterprise for marketing to enterprise became while a collection was easily stored development of information communication and individual information, the early body which would collect illegally was increased, and affair actually very occurred related to this. An investigation agency is endeavored to be considered the digital trace that inquiry is happened by commission act to the how small extent which can take aim at a duty successful of the inquiry whether you can detect in this information society in order to look this up. Therefore, procedures to be essential now became while investigating affair that confiscation search regarding employment trace of a computer or the telephone which delinquent used was procedural, and decisive element became that dividing did success or failure of inquiry whether you can collect the act and deed which was these electronic enemy. By the way, at this time a lot of, in the investigation agencies the case which is performed comprehensively blooms attachment while rummaging, and attachment is trend apprehension to infringe discretion own arbitrary information rising. Therefore, a lot of nation is letting you come into being until language called exile 'cyber' while anxiety is exposed about comprehensive confiscation search of the former information which an investigation agency does. Will review whether or not there is to have to set up confiscation search ambit of electronic information at this respect how.