• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.75-82
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• 2011

The Emergence of german mechanical engineer group is related to the development of polytechnical schools which were founded by the german state governments. Following the model of vienna polytechnical schools, the german polytechnical schools aimed also to educate engineers for private industries. For this purpose, the practices and workshop experiences were more emphasized than the theoretical education. With the further industrialization, the demand for higher educated engineers grew, and the level of theories taught in the polytechnical schools approached to that of university. On the base of mathematicalization of technical and mechanical knowledge, the professors of polytechnical schools succeeded in the establishment of Technische Hochschule which ranked as university. The german mechanical engineers could differentiate themselves from the traditional technicians with the establishment of polytech schools and Technische Hochschule.

• The Magazine of the IEIE
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.1-13
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• 1979

• Membrane Journal
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.239-252
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• 2016

Two-dimensional materials offer unique characteristics for membrane applications to water technology. With its atomic thickness, availability and stackability, graphene in particular is attracting attention in the research and industrial communities. Here, we present a brief overview of the recent research activities in this rising topic with bringing two membrane architecture into focus. Pristine graphene in single- and polycrystallinity poses a unique diffusion barrier property for most of chemical species at broad ambient conditions. If well designed and controlled, physical and chemical perforation can turn this barrier layer to a thinnest feasible membrane that permits ultimate permeation at given pore sizes. For subcontinuum pores, both molecular dynamics simulations and experiments predict potential salt rejection to envisage a seawater desalination application. Another novel membrane architecture is a stack of individual layers of 2D materials. When graphene-based platelets are chemically modified and stacked, the interplanar spacing forms a narrow transport pathway capable of separation of solvated ions from pure water. Bearing unbeknownst permeance and selectivity, both membrane architecture - ultrathin porous graphene and stacked platelets - offer a promising prospect for new extraordinary membranes for water technology applications.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.287-292
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• 2021

We utilized the isogeometric analysis (IGA) method that uses NURBS basis functions in CAD systems, to account for the geometric exactness of a geometrically exact beam deformation, on a new type of metamaterial, twist-translation coupled structure showing a large twist angle. A two-dimensional unit cell structure was embedded in a cylindrical wall, using free-form deformation and an appropriate interpolation scheme. A parametric study on the effects of the dimensions of the cylinder and the number of cells, on the twisting angle was performed. Furthermore, the mechanism of the twist-translation coupled metamaterial was explored through numerical examples.